D313 Section 5 - Female Reproductive

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Western Governors University *

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D313

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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D313: Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab, Lab Questions Section 5 – Female Reproductive These are the questions for the labs from the course material. Please answer the questions, but also for each answer choice, explain why the choice is correct or incorrect. For example, if the answer is B, please explain why B is correct and why choices A, C, and D, etc., are incorrect, for each question. Also, for the images, label all parts of the image, if they are unlabeled. For the matching questions, explain all choices, even if they were not used to answer one of the questions. This will give you extra practice with the material, which will help with synthesis and retention. 13. Which structure protects the entrance of the female reproductive tract and the female urethra? a. Vaginal orifice The vaginal orifice is the opening of the vagina itself, not the protective structure. b. Cervix The cervix is at the lower end of the uterus and opens into the top of the vagina internally. c. Urethral orifice The urethral orifice is the opening of the urethra, not the protective structure. d. Labia majora The labia majora are large folds of tissue covering the vaginal opening and urethral opening externally. 14. In a female, what is the name for the pad of fat that lies over the pubic symphysis? a. Perineum The perineum is the area between the anus and vulva, not over the pubic symphysis. b. Mons pubis The mons pubis is the fat pad covering the pubic bone anteriorly. c. Clitoris The clitoris is an erectile tissue that provides sexual stimulation. d. Labia minora The labia minora are smaller inner folds around the vaginal and urethral openings. 15. Which part of the uterine tube comes in close contact with the ovarian surface? a. Peritoneum The peritoneum lines the pelvic cavity and covers organs, but does not directly contact the ovaries.

b. Fimbriae The fimbriae are finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tube that are in proximity to the ovary. c. Fundus The fundus is the dome-shaped upper part of the uterus, not the uterine tube. d. Corpus luteum The corpus luteum is a structure formed in the ovary after ovulation. 16. Which structure protrudes into the superior part of the vagina? a. Fundus The fundus is the dome-shaped top region of the uterus that is superior to the openings of the uterine tubes. b. Uterine tube The uterine tubes are lateral to the uterus and do not protrude into the vagina. c. Fimbriae The fimbriae are the finger-like ends of the uterine tubes near the ovaries. d. Cervix The cervix forms the lower constricted end of the uterus that protrudes into the top of the vagina. 17. Which layer of the uterine wall contracts during childbirth to expel the fetus? a. Perimetrium The perimetrium is the outer serous layer of the uterus, not the contractile layer. b. Endometrium The endometrium is the inner mucosal lining that is shed during menstruation. c. Myometrium The myometrium is the smooth muscle middle layer of the uterus that contracts powerfully during labor. d. Epimetrium There is no uterine layer called the epimetrium. 18. The vagina lies _____________ to the urethra and ___________ to the rectum. a. anterior; inferior The vagina is posterior, not anterior, to the urethra. b. posterior; posterior The vagina is anterior, not posterior, to the rectum. c. posterior; anterior The vagina sits behind the urethra but in front of the rectum. d. anterior; posterior This reverses the anatomical positions of the vagina relative to the urethra and rectum. 19. What is the erectile organ in females called?

a. Labia minora The labia minora are the smaller inner folds of the vulva around the vaginal opening. b. Labia majora The labia majora are the larger outer folds of the vulva. c. Clitoris The clitoris is a small erectile organ that becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal. d. Mons pubis The mons pubis is a pad of fat over the pubic bone, not an erectile organ. 20. The urethral orifice is _____________ to the vaginal orifice and ___________ to the clitoris. a. anterior, anterior The clitoris is anterior to the urethral orifice, not anterior. b. anterior; posterior The urethral opening is in front of the vaginal opening but behind the clitoris. c. posterior, anterior This reverses the position of the urethral and vaginal orifices. d. posterior, posterior The clitoris is anterior to the urethral orifice, not posterior. 21. What is the function of the greater vestibular glands? a. Protect the glans of the clitoris The glans is the tip of the clitoris and protected by the prepuce, not the greater vestibular glands. b. Produce antibacterial fluid to protect from infection The greater vestibular glands secrete fluid with protective antibodies and lysozyme. c. Cover the vaginal orifice during childhood The hymen partially covers the vaginal opening in childhood. d. Secrete mucus into the vagina during sexual arousal Vestibular gland secretions are not primarily for lubrication. 22. Which ligaments support the uterus? a. Transverse cervical, broad, and fallopian The fallopian ligaments do not exist. b. Broad, fallopian, and round Again, the fallopian ligaments are incorrect. c. Round, transverse cervical, and ovarian The ovarian ligaments are attached to the ovaries, not the uterus. d. Round, broad, and transverse cervical These three true uterine ligaments provide support.

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23. Lymphatic vessels of the breast drain into lymph nodes in the _________ region. a. cervical Cervical lymph nodes drain the head and neck, not the breast. b. sternal There are no sternal lymph nodes. c. abdominal Abdominal lymph nodes filter lymph from the abdominal viscera. d. Axillary The axillary lymph nodes located under the arms receive lymph drainage from the breasts. 24. What drains milk from the lobes to the center of the nipple? a. Areolar glands Areolar glands secrete lubricating fluid around the nipple. They do not drain milk. b. Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels drain interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream. They do not transport milk. c. Lactiferous ducts Lactiferous ducts carry milk from the milk- producing lobules to the nipple. d. Acini Acini are small sacs within the mammary lobules that produce milk. They do not drain milk outward. 36. Fertilization of the egg by the sperm occurs in the ____________ , and implantation of the fertilized egg occurs in the __________. a. uterus; uterus Fertilization does not take place in the uterus. b. ovary; uterine tube Implantation does not occur in the uterine tube. c. uterus; vagina Neither fertilization nor implantation occur in these locations. d. uterine tube; uterus Fertilization happens when sperm meets egg in the uterine tube. The fertilized egg then implants in the uterine wall. 37. Which substance stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics in females? a. Inhibin Inhibin inhibits FSH release, it does not affect secondary sex characteristics. b. Estrogen Estrogen initiates development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

c. Luteinizing hormone LH triggers ovulation, it does not impact sex characteristics. d. Progesterone Progesterone supports pregnancy, but does not affect pubertal changes. 38. Which hormone inhibits FSH and LH to ensure that only one mature follicle is released per menstrual cycle? a. Inhibin Inhibin is secreted by developing follicles and inhibits FSH to limit follicle maturation to one per cycle. b. Progesterone Progesterone does not directly regulate FSH and LH release from the pituitary. It supports the uterine lining after ovulation. c. Testosterone Testosterone is the major androgen in males. In females, it plays little role in regulating the menstrual cycle. 39. Around mid-cycle in the female, what happens to the cervix? a. Cervical temperature increases A basal temperature increase indicates ovulation occurred, not mid-cycle changes. b. Mucus glands stop secreting mucus into the vagina More mucus is secreted at mid-cycle, but its consistency changes. c. Sphincter muscles contract to close the cervix The cervix remains open to allow sperm passage at mid-cycle. d. Mucus becomes thinner and less acidic Estrogen causes cervical mucus to become more watery, elastic, and alkaline at ovulation to aid sperm travel. 40. What is the function of the muscularis layer of the vaginal wall? a. Contracts to hold cervix closed during pregnancy The cervix opens during labor, it does not stay closed. b. Contracts to advance spermatozoa through the reproductive tract Peristalsis of the uterus, not vagina, helps sperm movement. c. Contracts to secrete mucus into the vaginal orifice The vaginal mucosa secretes mucus, the muscularis does not. d. Contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth Rhythmic contractions of the vaginal muscularis layer with the uterus expel the baby. 41. Which follicle type in the image below secretes progesterone?

a. A is responsible for secretion of progesterone and estrogen in the latter part of the cycle. b. B is the regressed form of the corpus luteum. c. C A follicle with a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells d. D A follicle with more than one layer of granulosa cells 42. Why is the acidic environment of the vagina important? a. It causes hormones to be secreted. Vaginal acidity does not impact hormone secretion. b. It protects from infection. The acidic pH creates an inhospitable environment for pathogens like bacteria and viruses. c. It keeps the cervix closed. Acidity does not affect the state of the cervix. d. It nourishes the sperm. The acidic pH actually inhibits sperm motility and function. 43. What is produced by the mammary glands for the first 2-3 days after birth? a. Lactiferous Lactiferous refers to the milk ducts, not the initial secretion produced. b. Colostrum Colostrum is the nutrient-rich, antibody-containing early milk. c. Mucus Mucus is not secreted by the mammary glands. d. Lymph Lymph is filtered interstitial fluid, not a mammary secretion.

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44. Which substance supports endometrial growth and suppresses uterine contractions in order to maintain pregnancy once fertilization occurs? a. Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH is involved in follicle development and ovulation, not maintaining pregnancy. b. Inhibin Inhibin inhibits FSH release, it does not directly support pregnancy. c. Estrogen While estrogen thickens the endometrium, progesterone is the key pregnancy-sustaining hormone. d. Progesterone Progesterone from the corpus luteum maintains the endometrium and prevents contractions during early pregnancy. 45. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum turns into a ____________. a. Graafian follicle A Graafian follicle develops into the corpus luteum after ovulation, not from the corpus luteum. b. Granulosa Granulosa cells line the inside of the follicle, they do not form from the corpus luteum. c. Corpus albicans The corpus albicans is the regressed form of the corpus luteum that develops if pregnancy does not occur. d. Corpus hemorrhagicum There is no such structure called the corpus hemorrhagicum. Scenario for questions 46-51: Claire and Johan have been trying to have a baby for over a year without any success. They decide that it is time to see a fertility specialist to discuss their trouble conceiving. Johan’s tests all come back normal. The doctor conducts several tests on Claire to look for a possible cause of female infertility. The doctor also asks her questions about her menstrual cycles. 46. If Claire’s ovarian cycles are normally 36 days long, approximately when should she expect ovulation to occur? a. Day 36 it is the end of her cycle, not the middle. b. Day 18 Ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. if her ovarian cycles are normally 36 days long, then ovulation would occur around day 18

c. Day 28 it is closer to the end of her cycle than the middle. d. Day 10 it is closer to the beginning of her cycle than the middle. 47. A surge in which substance stimulates the primary oocyte to become a secondary oocyte and causes the mature follicle to rupture, releasing the oocyte during ovulation? a. Progesterone it is not responsible for stimulating the primary oocyte to become a secondary oocyte or causing the mature follicle to rupture. b. Luteinizing hormone a surge in LH triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte and causes the mature follicle to rupture. c. Human chorionic gonadotropin it is not responsible for stimulating the primary oocyte to become a secondary oocyte or causing the mature follicle to rupture. d. Inhibin it is not responsible for stimulating the primary oocyte to become a secondary oocyte or causing the mature follicle to rupture. 48. The menstrual phase of the uterine cycle occurs during the __________ phase of the ovarian cycle. a. Luteal the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle does not occur during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. b. Follicular the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. c. Postovulatory it is not a recognized phase of the ovarian cycle. d. Ovulatory it is not a recognized phase of the ovarian cycle. 49. At the beginning of the preovulatory phase, which hormones increase to stimulate the endometrium to become highly vascularized? a. Progesterone and LH LH does not stimulate the endometrium to become highly vascularized b. Progesterone and inhibin inhibin does not stimulate the endometrium to become highly vascularized. c. Estrogen and progesterone estrogen stimulates the endometrium to become highly vascularized.

d. FSH and LH neither FSH nor LH stimulate the endometrium to become highly vascularized. 50. Which endocrine gland should be checked for proper functioning if the doctor is concerned about abnormal levels of follicle- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone? a. Posterior pituitary it does not produce FSH or LH. b. Adrenal it does not produce FSH or LH. c. Anterior pituitary it produces FSH and LH d. Thyroid it does not produce FSH or LH. Continued scenario for questions 51-53: Claire’s hormone tests all come back normal. The doctor decided to do another test called a hysterosalpingogram (HSG). This test uses a radiographic dye (can be visualized with an x-ray) that is injected through the vagina and the cervix into the uterine cavity. It is used to visualize the internal shape of the uterus and determine if the uterine tubes are blocked. 51. Dye is visualized in the portion of the uterus that lies superior to the entry point of the uterine tubes. What is the name of this part of the uterus? a. Cervix The cervix is the lower narrow portion of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is not the part of the uterus where the dye is visualized during the HSG. b. Body The body of the uterus refers to the main central portion between the cervix and the fundus. While the dye passes through the body during the HSG, the question specifically asks for the part of the uterus where the dye is visualized that lies superior to the entry point of the uterine tubes. The body is not the superior part in this context c. Fundus The fundus is the uppermost part of the uterus, situated above the entry points of the uterine tubes. During the HSG, the dye is visualized in this region d. External "External" is not a specific part of the uterus. It doesn't accurately describe any anatomical structure within the uterus or its surrounding areas. 52. The x-ray shows a normal shape and structure of the wall of the uterus. From deep to superficial, what are the layers of the uterine wall?

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a. Myometrium, endometrium, perimetrium This answer choice has the layers in the incorrect order. The myometrium is the middle layer, the endometrium is the innermost layer, and the perimetrium is the outermost layer. b. Myometrium, perimetrium, endometrium This answer choice also has the layers in the incorrect order. the endometrium is the innermost layer, so it should come before the perimetrium in the sequence. c. Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterine wall, responsible for lining the uterus and undergoing changes during the menstrual cycle. The myometrium is the middle layer, consisting of smooth muscle tissue that contracts during labor and menstruation. The perimetrium is the outermost layer, covering the surface of the uterus. d. Endometrium, perimetrium, myometrium This answer choice has the layers in the incorrect order. the myometrium is the middle layer and should come after the endometrium in the sequence. 53. On the left side, dye is only visualized within the first centimeter of the uterine tube that connects to the uterus, but nothing is visualized beyond that. This indicates a blockage. How could this impact fertility? a. The blockage will cause a disruption in estrogen secretion. The blockage of the uterine tube does not directly affect estrogen secretion. Estrogen is a hormone produced mainly by the ovaries, and its secretion is regulated by hormonal signals from the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. The uterine tube's blockage would not interfere with this hormonal pathway. b. The sperm cannot reach the egg for fertilization. The uterine tube, also known as the fallopian tube, plays a crucial role in fertilization. After ovulation, an egg is released from the ovary into the abdominal cavity. The uterine tube captures the egg and provides a site where sperm can meet and fertilize the egg. If the uterine tube is blocked, the sperm cannot reach the egg, preventing fertilization. c. The broad ligament will no longer be able to support the uterine tubes. The broad ligament is a sheet-like fold of peritoneum that helps suspend and support the uterus, fallopian

tubes, and ovaries within the pelvic cavity. While the blockage of the uterine tube may cause issues with fertility, it would not directly impact the ability of the broad ligament to support the uterine tubes. d. The ovaries will not release an egg into the uterine tube. The blockage of the uterine tube does not directly affect the release of eggs (ovulation) from the ovaries. Ovulation is a separate process regulated by hormonal signals, and the eggs are released into the abdominal cavity, not directly into the uterine tube.

D313 Section 5 - Female Reproductive

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