D313 Section 6 - Lymphatic Organs, Tissues, Vessels, Circulation

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D313: Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab, Lab Questions Section 6 – Lymphatic Organs, Tissues, Vessels, Circulation These are the questions for the labs from the course material. Please answer the questions, but also for each answer choice, explain why the choice is correct or incorrect. For example, if the answer is B, please explain why B is correct and why choices A, C, and D, etc., are incorrect, for each question. Also, for the images, label all parts of the image, if they are unlabeled. For the matching questions, explain all choices, even if they were not used to answer one of the questions. This will give you extra practice with the material, which will help with synthesis and retention. 1. What is the name of the organ in this image that fights invading germs in the blood? a. Bladder The bladder is not involved in fighting invading germs in the blood. It is part of the urinary system and functions to store urine before it is eliminated from the body. b. Liver While the liver has many crucial functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, and storage of nutrients, it is not the primary organ responsible for fighting invading germs in the blood.

c. Kidney The kidneys are essential for filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood to produce urine, but they are not primarily involved in fighting germs in the blood. d. Spleen The spleen is a part of the lymphatic system and functions as a critical component of the immune system. It contains specialized immune cells that detect and destroy harmful pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, circulating in the blood. The spleen also plays a role in removing old or damaged red blood cells from circulation. 2. What is the gland in the center of this image? a. Hypothalamus Located at the base of the brain, above the pituitary gland. b. Thymus Located in the upper part of the chest, behind the breastbone (sternum). c. Spleen Located in the upper-left part of the abdomen, beneath the ribcage. d. Thyroid Located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple. 3. What are the primary lymphoid organs in the human body? a. Lymph nodes and spleen Lymph nodes and spleen are part of the secondary lymphoid organs. While they play crucial roles in filtering and purifying the lymph and blood, respectively, they

are not primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes are generated and matured. b. Bone marrow and spleen While the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ, the bone marrow is indeed one of the primary lymphoid organs. Bone marrow is the site where hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into various blood cells, including lymphocytes. c. Bone marrow and thymus gland Both the bone marrow and thymus gland are primary lymphoid organs. The bone marrow is responsible for producing and maturing B cells (B lymphocytes), which are important in the production of antibodies. The thymus gland is where T cells (T lymphocytes) mature and develop their immune functions. Together, these two organs form the primary sites of lymphocyte production and maturation. d. Spleen and thymus While both the spleen and thymus are vital organs for the immune system, they are not primary lymphoid organs. the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ involved in filtering blood and immune responses, while the thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for T cell maturation. 4. Which cell is phagocytic? a. NK cell NK stands for "Natural Killer" cell, and it is a type of lymphocyte that possesses phagocytic abilities. NK cells are part of the innate immune system and are particularly effective at detecting and destroying infected or cancerous cells. While they do not engulf and digest foreign particles like traditional phagocytic cells, they are considered phagocytic because of their ability to directly kill target cells. b. B cell B cells are a type of lymphocyte involved in the adaptive immune response. They play a significant role in producing antibodies that recognize and neutralize specific foreign substances (antigens). B cells are not phagocytic cells; instead, they produce and release antibodies that can mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells. c. Plasma cell Plasma cells are mature B cells that are actively producing and secreting antibodies. As mentioned earlier, B cells and their progeny, including plasma cells, are not phagocytic cells. Instead, they specialize in antibody production and the adaptive immune response.

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5. Which structure allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream? a. Left lymphatic trunk The left lymphatic trunk drains lymph from the lower left limb and the left side of the upper body, but it does not allow lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream. b. Thoracic duct The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and is responsible for draining lymph from the majority of the body, including the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and both lower limbs. While it does drain lymph from the lower right limb, it does not specifically allow lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream. Instead, the thoracic duct delivers lymph into the venous blood circulation at the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. c. Right lymphatic trunk The right lymphatic trunk drains lymph from the right side of the head, neck, chest, and right upper limb. Additionally, it allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream by delivering it into the venous blood circulation at the junction of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins. d. Right lymphatic duct The right lymphatic duct is a small lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the right side of the head, neck, chest, and right upper limb. However, it does not drain lymph from the lower limb, and therefore, it does not allow lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream. 6. Which cell would react quickly the first time one is exposed to a pathogen? a. Natural killer cell Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a role in the innate immune response, particularly in recognizing and killing virus-infected cells and cancerous cells. While they are important in early defense against pathogens, they are not the first cells to react to an infection or initial exposure to a pathogen. b. Macrophage cell Macrophages are a type of phagocytic cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and debris, playing a vital role in both innate and adaptive immunity. While they are involved in the early response to infection, neutrophils are

typically the first cells to react quickly to a pathogen during the initial exposure. c. Neutrophil cell Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells in the body and are highly mobile. They rapidly migrate to sites of infection or inflammation and are the first to arrive during the initial exposure to a pathogen. Neutrophils are effective phagocytes, capable of engulfing and destroying invading microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. d. T cell T cells are a type of lymphocyte and play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They are responsible for recognizing specific antigens presented by infected cells or antigen-presenting cells. While T cells are essential for the long-term immunity and memory against pathogens, their activation and response take more time compared to the rapid action of neutrophils during the initial exposure to a pathogen. 7. Which lymphoid structure is most likely to encounter food antigens first? a. Peyer’s patches Peyer's patches are found in the small intestine, which is the primary site where food antigens and ingested pathogens enter the body. These patches are well- positioned to encounter and sample these antigens, initiating immune responses to protect against potential infections. b. Tonsils While tonsils are important lymphoid structures located in the throat, they are not primarily involved in encountering food antigens. Tonsils are more focused on protecting the respiratory and oral passages from inhaled or ingested pathogens, rather than directly sampling food antigens. c. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue BALT is found in the lungs and plays a role in protecting the respiratory tract from inhaled pathogens and antigens. d. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MALT is a broader term that encompasses various lymphoid structures associated with mucosal surfaces throughout the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and other mucosal linings. Peyer's patches, as mentioned earlier, are a specific type of MALT found in the small intestine, which makes them the most likely to encounter food antigens first. 8. Which sign is a characteristic of inflammation? Select three answers.

a. Cold Cold is not typically a characteristic of inflammation. Inflammation is often associated with increased blood flow to the affected area, leading to warmth and redness, but not coldness. b. Pain Pain is a common and significant characteristic of inflammation. Inflammatory responses trigger the release of chemicals that sensitize nerve endings, leading to pain and discomfort in the affected area. Pain serves as a warning signal, alerting the body to the presence of potential harm or damage. c. Redness Redness, also known as erythema, is a visible sign of inflammation. It occurs due to increased blood flow to the affected area, which brings more immune cells to combat the injury or infection. The increased blood flow also causes the area to appear redder than usual. d. Swelling Swelling, also known as edema, is a common hallmark of inflammation. It results from an accumulation of fluid, immune cells, and inflammatory mediators in the affected tissues. Swelling helps to isolate and protect the injured or infected area and is an essential part of the body's healing process. 9. Which elements are important in the antiviral innate immune response? Select three answers. a. Complement C omplement is a group of proteins in the blood that can be activated as part of the innate immune response. When complement proteins are activated, they form a cascade that leads to the destruction of viruses and infected cells through various mechanisms, such as direct lysis of the viral envelope and recruitment of immune cells. b. Interferons Interferons are signaling proteins produced by cells in response to viral infections. They have antiviral properties and help neighboring cells to defend themselves against viral replication. Interferons activate a series of intracellular antiviral processes, inhibiting viral replication and spread. c. Microphages they are not specifically known for their antiviral properties. Instead, macrophages are more involved in the general defense against various pathogens. d. Natural killer cells Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that play a significant role in the innate immune response against

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viral infections. They are particularly effective at recognizing and eliminating virus-infected cells. NK cells can directly kill infected cells by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death), preventing the spread of the virus to neighboring cells. 10. Where does the T cell develop and multiply? a. Payers patches Peyer's patches are lymphoid structures found in the lining of the small intestine, primarily involved in the immune defense of the gut. However, they are not the site of T cell development and multiplication b. Spleen The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ involved in filtering blood and responding to blood-borne pathogens. While it contains a reservoir of T cells that may be activated upon encountering antigens, it is not the site of T cell development or multiplication c. Lymph node Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the lymphatic system. They serve as sites for immune cell interaction, including T cells, with antigens transported via the lymph. While lymph nodes host activated T cells that have encountered antigens, they do not function as the site of T cell development and multiplication d. Thymus The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ responsible for T cell development and education. T cells originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow, but their maturation and selection occur in the thymus. During this process, T cells are tested for their ability to recognize self-antigens without causing autoimmune reactions and to respond effectively to foreign antigens. T cells that pass this selection process leave the thymus as mature, functional T cells, ready to patrol the body and respond to specific antigens. 11. Which structure on the lymph node are the arrows pointing to?

a. Hilum Located on one side of the lymph node, it serves as the point of connection for blood and lymphatic vessels. b. Medulla The innermost region of the lymph node, consisting of medullary cords and medullary sinuses, involved in filtering lymph and housing plasma cells. c. Trabecula Fibrous extensions forming a supporting framework throughout the lymph node and containing blood vessels. d. Cortex The outer region of the lymph node surrounding the medulla, containing lymphoid follicles and germinal centers, and is the primary site for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. 12. What are the three types of tonsils? Select three answers . a. Lingual Lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue, on the posterior part of the tongue's surface. They are not visible in the oral cavity like the palatine tonsils but play a role in the immune defense of the throat. b. Palatine Palatine tonsils are the most well-known and easily visible tonsils located on both sides of the back of the throat. They are the ones usually referred to as "tonsils" when people talk about tonsillectomies, which is the surgical removal of the palatine tonsils. c. Parotid The parotid gland is a salivary gland located near the ear, and it is not a type of tonsil. d. Pharyngeal Pharyngeal tonsils, also known as adenoids, are located in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. They are not visible like the palatine tonsils, but they are part of the tonsillar tissue and play a role in immune defense against inhaled pathogens. 13. Which part of the body is drained with the right lymphatic duct? a. Right arm and leg The right lymphatic duct does not drain lymph from the right leg. Instead, it primarily drains lymph from the upper body. b. Right side of head, thorax, and right arm The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right side of the head, the right side of the thorax (chest), and the right arm. It does this by receiving lymph from the right jugular trunk (head), right subclavian trunk (upper right thorax), and right bronchomediastinal trunk (right arm).

c. Right and left thorax and arms The right lymphatic duct does not drain lymph from the left side of the body. It is specifically responsible for draining lymph from the right side of the upper body. d. Left side of head, thorax, and left arm The left side of the body, including the left head, left thorax, and left arm, is drained by the thoracic duct, not the right lymphatic duct.

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D313 Section 6 - Lymphatic Organs, Tissues, Vessels, Circulation

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