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1. After eating, the hormone _____________ signals the hypothalamus to suppress appetite ? Leptin 2. Inhibition of which hormones action may help in weight loss? Ghrelin 3. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are classified as ? Macroutrients 4. What compound replenishes cellular glucose supplies once supplies are depleted ? Glycogen 5. What components form a triglyceride? Glycerol and 3 fatty acids 6. A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of __________. ? Amino Acids 7. How many essential amino acids are needed by adults? 8

8. Deficiency of vitamin A causes ? Night Blindness 9. Treatment with antibiotic drugs is sometimes followed by a deficiency of vitamin __________. ? Vitamin K 10. Excess intake of which vitamin could possibly lead to irreversible renal damage ? Vitamin D 11. What condition can result from excess calcium in the diet ? a. Deposition of calcium in soft tissue 12. What is the effect of potassium deficiency in the body? Cardiac Arrhythmia a. Chapter 20 13. function of the kidneys ? Acid base balance / Water balance/ Maintains Electrolyte balance/ Toxins removal and waste / Controls Blood pressure/ EPO/ Activates Vitamin D 14. The renal corpuscle includes what two structures ?

15. Glomerulus & and Glomerular Capsule 16. A nephron consists of ? Renal Corpuscle & Renal Tubule 17. A renal corpuscle is a _________? Cluster of blood capillaries and Glomerular capsule 18. whereas a renal tubule is a __________. ? Highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule 19. The first capillary bed associated with the nephron allows for ? Filtration of blood 20. Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into ? Renal Tubule 21. The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of? Proximal Tubule 22. What occurs when plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold ? Glucose appears in the urine

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23. When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are ? Reabsorbed by Passive Transport 24. The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of ? Distal Tubule & collecting duct 25. How and where are hydrogen ions secreted ? Actively into the entire renal tubule 26. In which region of the nephron is water actively transported across the membrane ? Collecting Duct 27. Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine ? a. Creatinine b. Describe the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? Water moves out of the descending limb, and sodium moves out of the ascending limb 28. As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure __________ and filtration rate __________. ? Decrease & Decrease

29. What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron ? Creates a highly concreated interstitial fluid so urine can be concentrated by the colleducting ducts 30. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be ___(1)___ and potassium ions to be _____(2)_____. ? 31. (1). Conserved 32. (2). Excreted 33. What is renal clearance ? The rate substances is removed from the blood 34. What changes in afferent and efferent vessel diameter can result in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate ? Both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. 35. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by ? causing vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles 36. What is an adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule that enhances reabsorption? Microscopic projections are called microvilli.

37. How does the composition of glomerular filtrate differ from that of plasma ? Filtrate contains most of the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. 38. Glomerular filtration produces about __________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours? 180 39. If glucose is not reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, __________ increases? Osmotic pressure 40. What is a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver ? urea 41. The relative concentration of potassium is __________ in urine than in plasma or glomerular filtrate. ? Higher 42. What does autoregulation refer to ? maintenance of a constant GFR 43. Where is the micturition reflex center ? Sacral segments of the spinal cord

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44. What is the trigone ? A triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder 45. What is the voluntary component of micturition ? ? Cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve 46. Blood flows from the efferent arterioles into the __________. Peritubular Capillary 47. Chapter 21 48. What fluid is a type of transcellular fluid ? Cerebrospinal fluid 49. In terms of electrolyte concentrations, how does extracellular fluid compare to intracellular fluid ? ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. 50. What factors are most important in influencing the movement of fluid between compartments ? Hydrostatic pressure & Osmotic pressure

51. What is the largest compartment of extracellular fluid? Interstitial fluid 52. On average, an individual will drink enough fluids to take in __________ milliliters of water per day.? 1500 53. What is metabolic water ? A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients 54. The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____A____ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by _____B____. ? 55. An increase in the osmotic pressure 56. Distension of stomach by the water a. 173.A decrease in total body water of only __________ will trigger thirst ? 1% 57. By what route would a person in a moderate environment lose the greatest volume of water ? urine

58. ***What is the action of the hormone aldosterone ? Increase reabsorption of sodium ions from the kidney tubules 59. ***What is a stimulus for release of aldosterone ? Increasing potassium ion concentration 60. What process releases hydrogen ions into body fluids? Aerobic respiration of glucose 61. How do buffer systems minimize pH changes ? Convert strong acid to weak acid release 62. What is an example of a physiological buffer ? Renal Mechanism 63. What will cause the respiratory center to increase the breathing rate ? Decrease in plasma concentration of carbonic acid 64. Why are the chemical buffers considered the first line of defense against shifts in pH ? They can rapidly correct pH change.

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65. How does the respiratory system function as a physiological buffer ? ? By changing breathing rate, the P CO2 of the blood is changed, leading to a change in blood pH. 66. What is meant by the phrase acid-base balance ? Maintenance of the correct amount of hydrogen ion in the blood 67. the function of a diuretic ? Increase urine production 68. What is edema ? Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid 69. What is an effect of hypokalemia ? severe cardiac arrythmia 70. Chapter 22 71. How many sperm cells form from a primary spermatocyte? 4

72. The head of the sperm is primarily composed of ? nucleus 73. In the male, what structures is unpaired ? Prostate gland 74. The number of sperm cells in an ejaculate averages about __________ per milliliter. ? 120 million 75. What does the surgical procedure called a circumcision remove ? Prepuce 76. Where do sperm cells mature ? Epididymis 77. The first fluid expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the ? Bulbourethral gland 78. The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the ?Cervix

79. The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called a ? Secondary oocyte 80. Fertilization normally occurs in the ? Uterine tube 81. The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the ? Endometrium 82. Menopause is due to aging of the ? Ovaries 83. Ovulation is triggered by a surge of _________ from the anterior pituitary gland. ? LH 84. A mammary gland contains __________ lobes. ?15-20 85. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? Synthesis of plasma proteins 86. What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? It creates a highly a. concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts. 87. What does autoregulation refer to? Maintenance of a constant glomerular a. filtration rate.

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