BIO356 Lab 3 and 4_The skeleton system

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BIO356 Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Dr. Shu-Yuan Cheng, Dr. Juan Zhen and Karen Conrad Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page August 27, 2018 July 28, 2018 1.0 1 Overview: A. You will work on different subjects and then rotate B. You are expected to match bone markings with their appropriate description C. You are expected to understand the classification of bones and their anatomical features D. For the axial skeleton , try to identify the listed out bones Identify the bones of skull Then look for the sutures surrounding the bones In vertebrate column part, spend some time in finding foramens. E. To identify the appendicular bones , distinguishing the right and left side is important in addition to the names. Now, bone markings would be a big helper. As well as in aim 1, it is important to realize that bone markings are very important for muscle location (lab 5) and identification. I. Anatomical Orientation of Human II. Function, Structure, & Growth of Bones III. Bone Surface Structures & Features: A. Each bone has characteristic external and internal features. B. Bones and other tissues connect by tendons, ligament and joints. C. Blood vessels, nerves lie alongside or penetrate the bone through depression, grooves and tunnels. 1. Condyle – a large rounded articulating knob 2. Facet – a flattened or shallow articulating surface 3. Fovea – a small rounded depression or pit 4. Foramen – an opening through a bone 5. Fossa – a rounded depression 6. Head – a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end of a bone 7. Meatus – a passageway or tunnel through a bone 8. Pedicle – a stalk or base of a structure 9. Process – a projection on a bone 10. Ramus – part of a bone that forms an angle with the main body of the bone 11. Suture – a junction between flat bones 12. Sinus – a cavity or hollow space in a bone 13. Tubercle – a lump on a bone for a muscle attachment
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 2 Figure 1 https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/8-1-the-pectoral-girdle/ IV. Axial Skeleton: Consists of 80 Bones Skull & Facial Bones Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (Sternum & Ribs) Hyoid Bone
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 3 A. Skull & Facial Bones: Highlighted parts are NOT required, but are for your information. Figure 2: Right Lateral View Figur e 2: Right later al view Distin guishi ng Struct ures Comment s Ethm oid (1) Front al (1) Lacri mal (1) Man dible (1) Coron oid proce ss Mandi bular condy le Ment al foram en Mental foramen
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 4 Maxilla (2) Nasal (2) Occipital (1) Lambdoid suture Between Occipital and Parietal Parietal (2) Squamous suture Between Temporal and Parietal Coronal suture Between Frontal and Parietal Sphenoid (1) Temporal (2) External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Zygomatic (2) Figure 3 and 4: Inferior view Distinguishing Structures Comments Maxilla Palatine process of Maxilla Median palatine suture Between Palatine process Palatine Hard palate Palatine process of Maxilla & Palatine Figure 3: Inferior Superficial View
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 5 Occipital External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Parietal Vomer Right under palatine bone Zygomatic Sphenoid Foramen ovale Temporal Carotid canal Jugular foramen External acoustic meatus Foramen lacerum Temporal /Sphenoid Figure 4: Inferior Internal View
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 6 Figure 4 Distinguishing Structures Comments Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Frontal Occipital Jugular foramen Parietal Temporal Foramen lacerum Sphenoid Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Optic canal Sella turcica Foramen ovale
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 7 Superior/posterior view sphenoid: Figure 5: Sphenoid bone Sphenoid Bone. Shown in isolation in (a) superior and (b) posterior views, the sphenoid bone is a single midline bone that forms the anterior walls and floor of the middle cranial fossa. It has a pair of lesser wings and a pair of greater wings. The sella turcica surrounds the hypophyseal fossa. Projecting downward are the medial and lateral pterygoid plates. The sphenoid has multiple openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels, including the optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum Figure 5 Distinguishing Structures Comments Sphenoid Pterygoid process Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Optic canal
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 8 Sella turcica Figure 6 Distinguishing Structures Comments Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Middle Nasal concha Perpendicular plate Anterior view of Ethmoid bone: Figure 6: Ethmoid bone The unpaired ethmoid bone is located at the midline within the central skull. It has an upward projection, the crista galli, and a downward projection, the perpendicular plate, which forms the upper nasal septum. The cribriform plates form both the roof of the nasal cavity and a portion of the anterior cranial fossa floor. The lateral sides of the ethmoid bone form the lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity, part of the medial orbit wall, and give rise to the superior and middle nasal conchae. The ethmoid bone also contains the ethmoid air cells.
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 9 Anterior View Figure 7 Distinguishing Structures Comments Frontal Supraorbital foramen Parietal Sagittal suture Between parietal bones Sphenoid Optic canal Temporal Vomer Zygomatic Ethmoid Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Mandible (1) Mental foramen Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) Between ethmoid and maxilla Inferior nasal concha (2) Figure 7: Anterior view
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 10 Posterior view Figure 8: Posterior view Figure 8 Distinguishing Structures Comments Parietal Sagittal suture Between the Parietal bones Occipital Lambdoid suture Between Occipital and Parietal External occipital protuberance
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 11
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 12 B. Vertebral Column: consists of the 33 individual vertebrae, some of which are fused (sacrum) https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/7-3-the-vertebral-column/ Figure 9: Vertebral Column. The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx . The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae. The vertebral column is curved, with two primary curvatures (thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves) and two secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar curves). The vertebral column originally develops as a series of 33 vertebrae, but this number is eventually reduced to 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. In the neck, there are seven cervical vertebrae, each designated with the letter “C” followed by its number. Superiorly, the C1 vertebra articulates (forms a joint) with the occipital condyles of the skull. Inferiorly, C1 articulates with the C2 vertebra, and so on. Below these are the 12 thoracic vertebrae, designated T1–T12. The lower back contains the L1–L5 lumbar vertebrae. The single sacrum, which is also part of the pelvis, is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. Similarly, the coccyx, or tailbone, results from the fusion of four small coccygeal vertebrae.
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 13 Superior View: Figure 10: Parts of a Typical Vertebra. A typical vertebra consists of a body and a vertebral arch. The arch is formed by the paired pedicles and paired laminae. Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. The vertebral foramen provides for passage of the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve exits through an intervertebral foramen, located between adjacent vertebrae. Intervertebral discs unite the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Figure 10 Distinguishing Structures Comments Typical vertebra Centrum (Body) Transverse process Projection where laminae join pedicles Lamina(e) Roof of vertebral arch Pedicles Walls of vertebral arch Spinous process Projection where vertical laminae fuse Vertebral or neural arch Composed of pedicles and laminae
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 14 Atlas & Axis: Figure 11: Cervical Vertebrae. A typical cervical vertebra has a small body, a bifid spinous process, transverse processes that have a transverse foramen and are curved for spinal nerve passage. The atlas (C1 vertebra) does not have a body or spinous process. It consists of an anterior and a posterior arch and elongated transverse processes. The axis (C2 vertebra) has the upward projecting dens, which articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas. Figure 11 Distinguishing Structures Comments Atlas has two tubercles instead of body & spinous process. Axis has dens instead of body. Atlas (1) Transverse foramen rests against the occipital condyle – allows the head to move up and down. Axis (1) Transverse foramen, Dens held on by a transverse ligament, allows the head to move from side to side
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 15 Vertebra: Figure 12: Thoracic Vertebrae. A typical thoracic vertebra is distinguished by the spinous process, which is long and projects downward to overlap the next inferior vertebra. It also has articulation sites (facets) on the vertebral body and a transverse process for rib attachment. Figure 13: Lumbar Vertebrae. Lumbar vertebrae are characterized by having a large, thick body and a short, rounded spinous process. Figure 11, 12, and 13 Distinguishing Structures Comments Cervical vertebra (7) Transverse foramen Cervical vertebrae have a transverse foramen to allow blood vessels and nerves to travel up to the head and brain Thoracic vertebra (12) Spinous process is more pointed and always faces downward; the superior and inferior articulating surfaces are above and below. Lumbar vertebra (5) spinous process is thicker and blunted; the centrum is thicker and transverse process wider Coccyx & Sacrum: Figure 9 Distinguishing Structures Comments Coccyx (1) Tail bone Sacrum (1) 5 fused bones C. Thoracic Cage & Ribs: Anterior View of the Thoracic Cage:
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 16 Figure 14: Thoracic Cage. The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs are classified as true ribs (1–7) and false ribs (8–12). The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as floating ribs (11–12). Figure 14 Distinguishing Structures Comments Sternum (1) Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) above the notch is the thyroid gland. In clinical application to orient yourself to the thyroid, first find the supra sternal notch and immediately above will be the thyroid. Manubrium Body Xiphoid process When administering CPR the body of the sternum should be pressed not the xiphoid process because of the danger of this snapping off and lacerating the liver. Likewise the manubrium because of the suture at the angle FALSE RIBS/ Floating ribs (5) 3 are joined to #7 and then to the sternum, 2 are in the back only
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 17 Ribs: Figure 15: Rib Articulation in Thoracic Vertebrae. Thoracic vertebrae have superior and inferior articular facets on the vertebral body for articulation with the head of a rib, and a transverse process facet for articulation with the rib tubercle. Figure 15 Distinguishing Structures Comments True ribs (7) head Place the rib against a thoracic vertebra and note the angle of placement. neck tubercle angle costal groove along the shaft and the sternal end D. Hyoid Bone: Bone Distinguishing Structures Comments Hyoid A floating bone attached to the styloid process of the skull. Serves as attachment for the tongue
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 18 V. Appendicular Skeleton: Consists of 126 bones o Pectoral Girdle - scapula and clavicle o Upper Extremity - humerus, radius, ulna, the bones of the hand o Pelvic Girdle – the sacrum, the ileum, the ischium, and the pubis o Lower Extremity - Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and the bones of the foot A. Pectoral girdle : Note the difference between the left and the right scapulae (posterior and anterior positions) and check the placement of the clavicle and the scapulae on your skeleton. Figure 16: Pectoral Girdle. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula, which serve to attach the upper limb to the sternum of the axial skeleton.
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 19 Figure 17: Scapula. The isolated scapula is shown here from its anterior (deep) side and its posterior (superficial) side. Bone Structures Scapula (2) Figure 17 Suprascapular notch Superior border Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity (or fossa) Lateral border Medial border Clavicle (2) Figure 16 Acromial end Sternal end
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 20 B. Upper Extremities: First differentiate between the left & right Figure 18: Humerus and Elbow Joint. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. It articulates with the radius and ulna bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint. Bone Structures Humerus (2) Figure 18 Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove [sulcus] Deltoid tuberosity Olecranon fossa Epicondyles, lateral and medial Trochlea Capitulum Figure 19: Ulna and Radius. The ulna is
Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 21 located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is on the lateral side. These bones are attached to each other by an interosseous membrane. Bone Structures Radius (2) Figure 19 Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process of radius Ulnar notch of the radius Ulna (2) Figure 19 Head Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch of the ulna Styloid process
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 22 Figure 20: Bones of the Wrist and Hand. The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones. Figure 20 Comments Figure 20 Comments Carpals proximal Scaphoid S ay Metacarpals (10) bones of the palm of the hand Lunate L oudly Phalanges (28) Fingers-proximal, middle and distal Triquetrum T o Carpals Distal Pisiform P am Trapezium T ime Trapezoid T o Capitate C ome Hamate H ome
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 23 C. Pelvic Girdle: (Os coxae or hipbones), 2 coxal bones and the sacrum & the coccyx. You need to know the left and the right. Figure 21. Figure 21: The Hip Bone. The adult hip bone consists of three regions. The ilium forms the large, fan-shaped superior portion, the ischium forms the posteroinferior portion, and the pubis forms the anteromedial portion. Figure 21 Structures Comments Ilium (2) Acetabulum made up from ilium, pubis and ischium. Iliac crest Iliac spines Anterior superior, Anterior inferior, Posterior superior, and Posterior inferior Ischium (2) Obturator foramen Ischial ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial spine Pubis (2) Superior ramus Inferior ramus
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 24 Body of the pubis D. Lower Extremities : Anterior & Posterior View. You will need to know right from left. Figure 22: Femur and Patella. The femur is the single bone of the thigh region. It articulates superiorly with the hip bone at the hip joint, and inferiorly with the tibia at the knee joint. The patella only articulates with the distal end of the femur. Bone Structures Femur (2) Figure 22 Head Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Neck ( weakest part of the most common site of a break). The neck and head of the femur is the replaced part in the hip replacement operation along with an insert on the acetabulum for attachment. Lesser trochanter Gluteral tuberosity Linea aspera Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Patella (2) Figure 22 Apex on the anterior view surface for the patellar ligament (on the posterior view) Tibia (2) Figure 23 Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 25 Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Fibula (2) Figure 23 Lateral malleolus Head Foot bone Figure 24 Tarsals (7) : the largest one --- CALCANEOUS ---- Heel Bone Metatarsals (5) Phalanges (14) Figure 23: Tibia and Fibula. The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg. The fibula is the slender bone of the lateral side of the leg and does not bear weight.
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Lab 3 & 4: The Skeletal System Date Effective Date Revised Version Page September 27, 2018 September 23, 2018 1.0 26 Figure 24: Bones of the Foot. The bones of the foot are divided into three groups. The posterior foot is formed by the seven tarsal bones. The mid-foot has the five metatarsal bones. The toes contain the phalanges.
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