lab 5

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Student Name: Jasmine Johnson Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-5ZEMJ1W Pre-Lab Questions: ” 1. What is a tissue? ” A tissue is “any distinct type of material which makes up plants and animals.” ” 2. What is the function of epithelial tissue? ” Epithelial tissue performs a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion and sensory reception. ” 3. What is the function of connective tissue? ” The function of the connective tissue as defined by “is tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue.” ” 4. What is the function of muscular tissue? ” The function of muscle tissue is to provide movement and provide support and function ” 5. What is the function of nervous tissue? ” Nervous tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. Nervous tissue receives stimuli and sends impulses. ” 6. Describe sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hairs with regard to the function of the skin. ” Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to keep the skin soft and waterproof. Sweat glands aide in thermoregulation and to expel waste like urea and salt. Hair also aides in thermoregulation and skin protection. ” 7. What is the function of melanin? ” Melanin provides protection from the sun and gives skin and hair its pigmentation. ” 8. List the similarities and differences of the layers of the epidermis. ” Similarities: All layers are made up of epithelial cells, All layers are tightly packed, There are no blood vessels, All layers but the stratum basale layer contain keratin. Experiment 1: Microscopic Slide Examination of Tissue ” Identify the following tissue slides: ” A-Simple Squamous Epithelium B-Simple Cuboidal Epithelium C- Adipose Connective Tissue D- Reticular Connective Tissue

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L E-Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue F- Cardiac Muscle Tissue G-Skeletal Muscle Tissue H- Reticular Connective Tissue A) Epithelial Tissue Type B) Epithelial Tissue Type

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Connective Tissue C) Connective Tissue Type D) Connective Tissue Type

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L E) Connective Tissue Type F) Muscular Tissue Type

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L G) Muscular Tissue Type H) Unidentified Tissue Type Post-Lab Questions ” 1. What is the difference between simple, stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissue? ” Simple epithelium has a single layer that is attached to a base membrane. Stratified has two or more cell layers. Pseudostratified looks stratified but actually consists of one layer. ” 2. Describe the cell shape of squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells. ” Squamous cell -> Flat in appearance. Cuboidal -> Cube in appearance. Columnar -> Column appearance ” 3. Does the number of cell layers or the cell shape play a role in the function of the epithelial tissue? Provide three examples. ”

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Yes. Squamous cells are comprised of a single layer of flat cells which can be found in the lining of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Cuboidal cells form a single layer of cube shaped cells which are found in kidney tubules and other ducts. Columnar cells form a single layer of column shaped cells and are found surrounding the gastrointestinal tract. Stratified version of cells present in different areas too. Stratified squamous cells are identified on the surface of the skin. Stratified cuboidal cells line the sweat glands. Stratified columnar cells can be found in the lining of large ducts. Pseudostratified columnar cells are present in the lining of the upper respiratory tract. ” 4. List and describe the different types of connective tissue. What similarities and differences did you notice when viewing the prepared slides? ” Adipose Tissue -Densely clustered adipocytes at 100x. At 1000x the nucleus, plasma membrane, tryglyceride and capillary are visualized. Areolar Connective Tissue -Tan colored, specks are actually elongated fibroblasts. At 1000x, areolar connective tissue looks like the surface of the moon. Reticular Connective Tissue -Yellow and orange in color. Looks crystalline at 100x. At 1000x the reticular fibers can be seen. Looks like tree branches. Dense Regular Connective Tissue -Looks like a river at 100x. The red “river is actually a collagen fiber bundle with fibroblasts. At 1000x you can clearly see the fibroblast nuclei. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue -Looks like the tissue goes everywhere at 100x, can clearly see the collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue -Looks like a hair follicle at 100x, perichondrium is thick. Chondrocytes look like a nucleus. Lacunae visualized around the chondrocytes. Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue -Appears scaly at 100x. Perichondrium is thick, almost like a basement. Like hyaline cartilage this tissue also has lacunae and chondrocytes visualized at 1000x. Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue -Chondrocytes look like “holes” at 100x. At 1000x tissue looks mountainous, has chondrocytes and lacunae like elastic and hyaline cartilage tissue. ” 5. What are the three components of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? ” The three components of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue are protein fibers, fluid, and ground substance. ” 6. What are the three types of cartilage? What are their similarities and differences? ” The three types of cartilage are: Elastic, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline. All three types contain collagen fibers and chondrocytes. Elastic is tensile and found in the epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is fibrous and found in the vertebrae. Hyaline has a gel like consistency and found in the nasal septum. ” 7. What are the three types of muscular tissue? For each, describe the cell shape, the type of control (voluntary or involuntary) and the presence or absence of striations. ” Skeletal -Is cylindrical in shape, is voluntary, and striated. Cardiac - Branched in shape, involuntary, and striated. Smooth -Spindle shaped, involuntary, and non-striated. ” 8. Looking at the nervous tissue, state the cell processes visible (i.e., axon) on the prepared slide. For each process, state the function. ”

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L The processes visible are: Neuroglial Cells: Provide supporting functions to the nervous system. Somas: AKA neuron cell body. The cell body is the source of information for protein synthesis. Dendrites: These branches are where a neuron receives input from other cells. Axons: This a thin fiber that extends from a neuron, or never cell. ” 9. What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons? ” Bipolar Neuron: Has two ends. Has two extensions along each side of axon, sensory functions. Unipolar Neuron: Has a single end. Experiment 2: Microscopic Slide Examination—Skin ” 1. Label the arrows in the following slide image: ” A- Epidermis Layer B- Sweat Gland Duct C- Dermal Papillae

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L D-Dermis Layer ” 2. Determine whether the following statements pertain to the epidermis or dermis. ” Statement Epidermis or Dermis ” This layer consists of the papillary layer and the reticular layer ” Dermis ” Composed of keratinized stratified Squamous epithelium ” Epidermis ” Langerhans cell and Merkel cell reside in this layer ” Epidermis ” Composed of dense irregular connective tissue ” Dermis ” The fingerprint pattern, unique to each individual, is created in this Dermis

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L layer ” ” Outermost layer of skin ” Epidermis ” This layer has laminated granules and keratohyalin granules within the stratum granulosum ” Epidermis ” The dense supply of blood allows this layer to play a part in body temperature regulation ” Dermis ” 3. List the five layers of the epidermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. ” Stratum Basale: Produces cells of the most superficial strata; melanocytes produce and contribute melanin, which protects agains ultraviolet light. Stratum Spinosum: Produces keratin fibers; lamellar bodies form inside keratinocytes. Stratum Granulosum: Produces keratohyalin granules; lamellar bodies release lids from cells; cells die. Stratum Lucidum: Disperses keratohyalin around keratin fibers. Stratum Corneum: Provides structural strength due to keratin within cells; prevents water loss due to lipids surrounding cells; sloughing off of most superficial cells resists abrasion. ” 4. List the two layers of the dermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. ” Reticular Layer -The main fibrous layer of the dermis; strong in many directions; forms cleavage lines. Paillary Layer -Brings blood vessels close to the epidermis; dermal papillae form fingerprints. Experiment 3: Sweat Gland Distribution Table 2: Sweat Gland Distribution Body Region Sweat Glands/cm 2 Right Anterior Forearm 47 Right Palm 70 Right Anterior Thigh 22 Right Anterior Foot 33 Post-Lab Questions ” 1. What area of the body had the greatest density of sweat glands, based on your experimental results? What area had the lowest? Why do you think this is? ”

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L The region with the greatest density of sweat glands was the right palm. The area with the lowest density of sweat glands was the right anterior thigh. I believe the reason there are more sweat glands in the right palm is because it is an area that is readily exposed allowing sweat to escape the skin unlike the anterior thigh that is mostly covered. ” 2. What is the purpose of sweat glands? ” The main purpose of sweat glands is to control body temperature. ” 3. If you were to perform this same test on a friend, do you believe their results would be similar or different to yours? Why or why not? ” No. If this experiment were performed on a friend I believe that the results would vary. Factors including exposure, background and geographic of that person could produce varying results. Experiment 4: Skin Receptors Table 3: Two-Point Discrimination Test Results Body Region Left-Side Caliper Measurement Right-Side Caliper Measurement Scalp 3.5 4.0 Forehead 2.0 2.0 Lips 1.5 2.0 Front of Neck 3.0 3.0 Back of Neck 1.5 1.5 Shoulder 3.5 3.5 Upper Arm 3.0 3.0 Elbow 1.5 1.0 Forearm 2.5 2.5 Wrist 1.0 3.5 Back of Hand 1.5 1.5 Palm of Hand 1.0 1.0 Tip of Thumb 2.5 2.5

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Body Region Left-Side Caliper Measurement Right-Side Caliper Measurement Tip of Index Finger 2.0 2.0 Tip of Middle Finger 2.0 2.0 Tip of Ring Finger 1.5 1.5 Tip of Pinkie 1.0 1.0 Post-Lab Questions ” 1. Which region was most sensitive to this test? Which was least sensitive? ” The region most sensitive to this test were the scalp, wrist and fingers. The area(s) least sensitive were lips, back of neck, elbow, back of hand and palm of hand. ” 2. Can you think of an advantage to having a greater distribution of touch receptors in the area that you found to be most sensitive? ” A couple of advantages of having greater distribution of touch receptors in higher sensitive area(s) like the fingers include touch/feeling in fingertips, holding a pen/ pencil for writing. ” 3. Was there a difference between the measurements of the left and right side of the body? Why or why not? ” There were area(s) that held differences in measurements. These differences are related to the injuries that my partner sustained falling off of a horse. These injuries may have impacted the receptors on his right side. Experiment 5: Introduction to the Fetal Pig Table 4: External Observation of the Fetal Pig Area Observations Skin The skin is a light tan color, soft texture. Head Region Elongated. Blonde/white hairs on the chin and snout. Eyes closed. Neck Region

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Area Observations Wrinkled. Smallest part of body. Incisions observed bilaterally. Trunk Region Trunk is smooth. Patches of blonde hair. 8 mammary papillae present. Tail Region (including sex of pig) Sex of the fetal pig is female. Urogenital opening has a larger diameter than the anus. Insert photo of pig in dissection tray with your name and access code clearly visible in the background: ”

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