lab 10

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Student Name: Jasmine Johnson Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-5zemj1w Pre-Lab Questions: “ 1. Research the process of erythropoiesis, and explain the role erythropoietin plays. Why is this a popular “doping” drug for athletes? “ This drug helps the blood deliver faster to muscles and other parts of the body helping them perform better. “ 2. How would the hemoglobin content differ in a person living in Philadelphia (Elevation: 39 feet) compared to someone living in Denver (Elevation: 5280 feet)? Why? “ At higher altitudes, the air will decrease. People living in Philadelphia will have a higher hempglobin. Experiment 1: Heart Valves and Pumps Table 2: Experimental Observations Observations (with valve) and mL H 2 O Displaced? Observations (without valve) and mL H 2 O Displaced? When the valve is in place, the outer straw places much more H20. About 10ml of H2) were displaced. Without the valve it was much more difficult to move the water. Both straws are trying to move the water and the amount of water was minimal. Post-Lab Questions “ 1. What happened when you pressed on the balloon stretched over the jar? What does this result represent? “ When I pressed the balloon it caused pressure in the cup to move water into the straw. This stimulates the contracting heart pressure in the chambers. “ 2. What structure in this experiment mimics a heart valve? “ The balloon over the straw mimics the heart valve. “ 3. How did the valve influence the experimental results? If possible, indicate the difference (in mL) in water displaced with the valve versus without the valve. Does the valve enhance the water flow, and why? “ The valve influenced the results by allowing the pressure to build in the jar. More pressure allows mpre water to be pushed into the straw. There were 10 more ml in the neaker when the valve was in place without the valve. The valve does enhance water flow because it allows pressure to build in the jar. “ 4. What other organs or body systems incorporate valves? How are they used? “ Blood vessels have valves that only allow blood to flow one way.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Experiment 2: Effect of Chelation Therapy on Arterial Plaque Levels Table 3: Eggshell Observations Day Water Observations 4% EDTA Observations 8% EDTA Observations 1 Egg sheels sank to the bottom Egg shell sank to bottom. Egg shell has some bubbles on it. Egg shell sank to bottom. Egg shell has more bubbles on it than in the 4% solution. 2 Egg shell is still sitting on the bottom. No bubbles observed. Egg shell floated to the top. Lots of bubbles on it underside. Egg shell floated to the top. Lots of bubbles on its underside. 3 Egg shell is still sitting on the bottom. No bubbles observed Lots of bubbles underneath the egg shell Lots of bubbles and some foam observed underneath the shell 4 Egg shell is still on bottom; no bubbles Lots of bubbles and some foam A few layers around the cracked part of the shell; lots of foam underneath 5 Egg shell is still sitting on the bottom; no bubbles observed Egg shell has folds when observed from the top and lots of bubbles underneath Egg shell looks to be disappearing; when observed from top, shell is sinking 6 No change Lots of foam and bottom of egg is unfloding itself Shell is less white and more transparent; more fold make it less round 7 No change with shell; water level lowered White of shell is beginning to disappear and become transparent; there are more fols especially in middle Shell has almont no white left in it, it is more transparent 8 Water level has diminished; shell still looks the same Still a lot of shell Shell is almost transparent 9 No change More bubbles Folding more at bottom 10 No change just water lowering Bottom is much thinner Less bubbles; shell has almost no white

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Day Water Observations 4% EDTA Observations 8% EDTA Observations 11 Egg looks the same Lots of bubbles Shell stuck to edge of cup and liquid lowering below 12 No change but water is lowering Lots of bubbles, less white Shell starting to disappear 13 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 14 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions “ 1. Describe the differences you observed between the water beaker, the 4% EDTA beaker, and the 8% EDTA beaker. “ Beaker 1 contained water and served as constant. There were not many changes to the egg shell. Beaker 2 had the $% EDTA solution. Beaker # 3 had the 8% solution and had the most dramatic changes. “ 2. Does the beaker without EDTA serve as a positive or negative control? How do you know? The beaker without EDYA served as a negative control. I know this because the definition of a negative control is one where you do not expect any change. Since there are no changes to the egg water, this fits into the idea of a negative control. “ 3. Research and determine the composition of eggshell. State your findings below, and, indicate why this composition makes eggshell a good material for EDTA to chelate. “ The shell of the egg is made of calcium carbonate which is made from the mineral calcium. It also consist of proteins and other minerals. It is also very porous. This is a good material for EDTA to chalate because you want it to bind to minerals and remove them from the body. “ 4. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid, which the body perceives as a foreign substance. EDTA is therefore delivered to the kidneys and removed from the body in urine. Explain how this process also leads to the removal of heavy metals. “ Since EDTA is a foreign substance the body will remove it from the body and urine. Anythings that EDTA will bind to, will also be removed from the body such as heavy minerals. “ 5. Based on your results, do you believe chelation therapy would be an effective treatment for atherosclerosis? Support your argument with experimental evidence. “ I know that EDTA binds with minerals such as calcium and breaks down and the kidney will remove this foreign substance from the body along with anything that is bound to. The cause of atherosclerosis is a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries. Cholesterol are fats. My experiment does not support chelation therapy being an effective treatment.

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Experiment 3: Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Post-Lab Questions “ 1. What makes red blood cells unique, compared to other cells in the body? “ There are many reasons that red blood cells are unique. Red blood cells do not have a nucleus and their shape allow them to fit into narrow spaces. They also carry oxygrn. “ 2. How is new blood made? “ New blood is made by Erythropoiesis. In the process the hormonr erythropoietin is the hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. “ 3. What is the main function of platelets? “ To stop bleeding. “ 4. Describe how the body stops bleeding. “ The bodt stops bleeding by alerting platelets in the blood to rush to the site of injury and adhere to the site to form a blood clot. “ 5. Sickle cells are named so because of their characteristic shape. What problems can this shape cause? “ Sickle cells are shaped like half moons. The shape does not allow cells to bend through narrow passages which can cause blockages. “ 6. Explain how the absence of a nucleus affects a red blood cell’s life span. “ The absence of a nucleus means that the red blood cells life is finite and it cannot duplicate. So new red blood cells must come from bone marrow. Once a red blood cells life is over, it will get broken doen by the body and its parts will be recycled. Experiment 4: Blood Typing Experiment Table 4: Blood Typing Results A (Blood Sample A) B (Blood Sample B) C (Blood Sample C) 1 (Anti-A Serum) Clotting is observed. No clotting No clotting 2 (Anti-B Serum) No clotting clotting No clotting 3 (Anti-Rh Serum) clotting No clotting No clotting Blood Type: Blood type B- Blood Type A+ Blood Type AB+ Post-Lab Questions “ 1. What determines blood type? “ Blood type is deciphered by antigens or lack of antigens on the blood surface.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L “ 2. What type of blood antigens are expressed if a person is blood type AB negative? “ They will have Both A and B antigens. “ 3. Why doesn’t a transfusion reaction occur the first time an Rh negative patient is exposed to Rh positive blood? “ There is no transfusion reaction the first time an Rh negative patient is exposed to RH positive blood because there are not antibodies in the blood yet. By the second pregnancy the blood had found those cells as invaders and the blood can form an attack. Experiment 5: Virtual Model – The Heart Coloring Activity Insert screenshot of the myocardium: Insert screenshot of the mitral valve:

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Post-Lab Questions 1. What component of the heart separates the left and right ventricles? The interventricular septum separates them. 2. Which is more superior: the arch of the aorta or the atrioventricular septum? The arch of the aorta is more superios then the atrioventricular septum. 3. What component of the heart prevents the flow of the blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium? The tricuspid valve is the one that prevents it. Experiment 6: Sheep Heart Dissection “ Insert photo of dissected sheep heart showing at least one atrioventricular valve with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: “

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Post-Lab Questions 1. What surprised you about the anatomy of the sheep’s heart? I was surprised to see how close all the valves are. 2. Research diseases of the heart valves. How might a valvular insufficiency affect heart function? How would valvular stenosis (tightening or less ability to open easily) affect heart function? The heart is affected because the disease will allow blood to leak backwards across the valve. If this happens there will not be enough blood getting pumped through the body.

lab 10

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