biol 439 midterm questions

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Midterm Question Examples 1. Explain why dimethyl-allyl-pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentyl- pyrophosphate (IPP) can be readily combined to form C10, C15 and C20 terpenoids - DMAPP is a good electrophile and excellent alkylating agent - The loss of PPi results in a resonant stable carbocation (allyl radical) - IPP (the nuc) attacks the C1 tail of DMAPP 2. List two general types of redox reactions catalyzed by cytochromes - Hydroxylation reactions - E- transport to produce ATP 3. Why are cytochrome hemes good electron carriers? - Contains Fe, which is a redox reactive metal - Has a conjugated pi structure that allows e- to be delocalized into heme ring 4. What enzyme catalyzes this reaction? 4 CytoCReduced (Fe2+) + O2+ 4H+à 4 cytocoxidized (Fe3+) + 2H20 - Cytochrome C oxidase 5. For the following reaction, identify the enzyme class OR give the name of the enzyme: 3’,5’-cyclic-AMP + H20 à 5’- AMP 6. In general, do the ribozymes operate in vivo with or without a protein component? Give an example of a ribonucleoprotein that absolutely requires a protein component for activity 7. Give a biological role or functional application (commercial or otherwise) for the following Terpenoid: Camphor - Used in explosives, varnishes, antiseptics
8. Explain mechanistically why the Q-cycle is important for the stoichiometry of the reaction catalyzed the CoQ-Cytochrome C reductase. Explain how this contributes to the ph gradient across the mito membrane This cycle allows H+ transport across the membrane. The pathway is divided into two, where two electrons travel different paths. This results in more H+ moving across the mitochondrial membrane and creating the pH gradient 9. What is the difference between neral and citral? - Neral is a component of citral, it also has a weaker odor 10. A type of yeast is genetically modified to boost the production of Vitamin D2 under UV light. What gene/ pathway was likely modified? 11. Give 2 reasons why the cytochrome P450 system can catalyze on the order of 500 different reactions - There are multiple forms of cyto P450, which are isozymes and have different reaction specificities (different substrate binding site) - The isozymes can carry out a large variety of reactions, can handle 5-10 substrates per isozyme, therefore 300-600 possible reactions 12. How many carbons in a diterpenoid - 20
13. Provide the total number of chiral centers in Lanosterol - 7 14. In general, why do plants produce more secondary metabolites than other organisms? - 15. What are cytochromes? - Oxidoreductases - Transfer e- from reductant to oxidant using a heme as active site 16. Briefly describe the evolutionary significance of self-splicing RNA? 17. In general, would you expect sesquiterpenoids to be water-soluble? Briefly describe why or why not
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- No, they are composed of hydrocarbons, which are known to be hydrophobic, meaning they cannot form hydrogen bonds, or make few bonds that overall are weak. 18. List three criteria that help distinguish primary metabolites from secondary metabolites - 2o have restricted distribution - Formed along special biosynthetic pathways - Considered to be marginal or non-essential 19. For these half-reactions: What enzyme catalyzes this reaction? 20. For the reaction: 2H2O + 2NADP+ → O2 + 2NADPH + 2H+ What process uses this reaction? 21. Which region(s) of all cytochrome P450s isozymes are conserved (or homologous)?
- Reductase binding region - Heme binding region - O2 binding region 22. Give a biological role or functional application (commercial or otherwise) for the following terpenoid: Iradoids - Repellent and irritant 23. Give a biological role or functional application (commercial or otherwise) for the following terpenoid: Citral - Produces strong lemon scent that is used in rose oil or lemon grass oil 24. A new compound was isolated from tropical toads. The compound consists of 24 carbons and causes severe cardiac toxicity in mice. What could this compound be? - bufadienolides 25. What region of all cytochrome P450s isozymes would you predict to be highly variable? - Substrate binding region 26. For these half reactions: What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
- NADH-CoQ oxidoreductases 27. Name a group of primary metabolites and a group of secondary metabolites? - 1o - amino acids - 2o - terpenoids 28. Give a biological role or functional application (commercial or otherwise) for the following terpenoids: Pyrethrins - Insecticides because toxic to insects - 29. Give two reasons why the cytochrome P450 system can catalyze on the order of 1000 different reactions. 30. Why do egg whites beat up stiffer in a copper bowl than a glass bowl?
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Since copper can bind sulfur groups, those tiny bits of copper bind to the egg white proteins and therefore, those sulfur groups are unable to form the strong disulfide bonds that can lead to gritty, dry whipped egg whites. 31. What step in the isopentyl-pyrophosphate biosynthetic pathway is inhibited by Lovastatin? In general, why is this step highly regulated? - The reduction of HMG-CoA to MVA - Controls terpenoid levels → cholesterol 32. Give a biological role or functional application (commericial or otherwise) for the following compounds: Isopentyl-pyrophosphate (IPP) - The biosynthetic precursor of terpenoids -biosynthetic precursor for making terpenoids 33. Provide the absolute configuration (R or S) for the chiral center, at the arrow, in Simvastatin. - R 34. For the following reaction, identify the enzyme class OR give the name of the enzyme: Glucose + ATP→ Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP - Hexokinase - Kinase
-Hexokinase 35. Describe the role(s) of cytochrome P450 in steroid metabolism? What is the implication of this process in detecting drug usage in Olympic athletes? 36. Name one of the two enzymatic activities utilized by the self-splicing RNA? - Hydrolase - transferase 37. Name one hemiterpenoid. Give a biological, ecological or commercial function for molecule. - IPP - biosynthetic precursor for all terpenoids 38. Briefly explain why cream is a liquid at room temperature while butter is a solid at room temperature. based on cytochrome p450 cycle: how does substrate hydroxylation occur

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