task 1_C652

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Task 1 Heredity and Genetics – C652 Dec 4, 2023 2. Bacteria contain genomes that use energy to create proteins. An operon is a unit made of linked genes which is used to regulate the genes that are responsible for protein synthesis. So, the operon functions as a signaler to the protein-creating

genes. The operon can send activators that will signal the gene to begin protein creation, and repressors that will signal it to stop. The E. coli bacteria are known for consuming sugars for energy, but when none are available, will consume lactose. E. coli can break down lactose, but only when glucose is not present, because of a preference for glucose. The lac operon is responsible for encoding proteins that allow E. coli bacteria to use the lactose for energy. The activators and repressors are the two regulators that tell the operon to start or stop. The lac repressor acts as a detector for lactose and will usually block the transcription process. When lactose is present, however, it will no longer block this function. This will activate the operon and begin the protein creation. B. Describe two mechanisms, other than mutation, that human cells use to regulate the expression of a gene. One mechanism used in gene expression would be transcription. Transcription describes the process of creating a RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. The copy is called the messenger RNA, and it will carry a gene’s protein information to prepare for synthesizing the encoded protein. Another mechanism used in gene expression would be translation. During translation, proteins are produced using RNA as a guide. A sequence of amino acids will be formed together in groups of 3 to synthesize a protein. C. Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes are turned on and off. Each different cell type in the human body has a unique set of genes along with the exact

same DNA. These unique gene sets cause different cells to create different proteins specialized for its function. One example of a mechanism humans use to regulate gene expression is for the liver to remove harmful substances from the bloodstream. Liver cells create an enzyme that breaks down substances, like alcohol, into a non-toxic molecule. Brain cells called neurons do not remove toxins from the body, so they keep these genes unexpressed until toxins need to be removed. Another example of specific gene regulation would be X chromosome inactivation. In mammals, males contain x and y chromosomes while females have two x chromosomes, in turn creating a chance that female cells will have twice as much x-based gene product than needed. To balance the gen product in females, they will undergo a process called X-chromosome inactivation. During this process, one of the x chromosomes remains active while the other is inactive. Works cited “Overview: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation (Article).” Khan Academy , www.khanacademy.org/science/ap- biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/ a/overview-of-eukaryotic-gene-regulation#:~:text=Gene%20regulation%20makes%20cells %20different&text=For%20example%2C%20one%20of%20the.

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Ramírez-Clavijo, Sandra, and Gladis Montoya-Ortíz. “Gene Expression and Regulation.” Www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov , El Rosario University Press, 18 July 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459456/#:~:text=Basic%20elements%20of%20gene %20expression&text=This%20process%20only%20occurs%20in. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023. “Remembering Which X Chromosome to Use.” PLOS Biology , vol. 2, no. 7, 13 July 2004, pp. e238– e238, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020238. Accessed 1 Nov. 2023.

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