BIOD 151 Final V2

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Portage BIOD 151 Final Exam*** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_djxhpm List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) a. False- (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) b. True c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromole- cules inside the cell. (T or F) c. False- (This process is called endocytosis) d. Receptor mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) d. True e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) e. False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) In your own words, discuss Tay Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? Tay-Sachs disease impacts the lysosome of the cell because a digestive enzyme is lacking. This leads to toxic lipid build-up in the brain that cannot be broken down. This can lead to disability and death. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Trachea, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Alveoli Oropharynx Label the following five items from the diagram: Label B- Oral Cavity, Label D- Epiglottis, Label E- Glottis, Label F- Trachea, Label G- Esophagus From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive se- cretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers. Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3: Stomach, 4: Gallbladder, 7: Jejunum (not small intestine), 9: Appendix (not large intestine), 10: Rectum (not large intestine) 1 / 4

Portage BIOD 151 Final Exam*** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_djxhpm Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secre- tions and purposes. The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 2: Nasal bone, 4: Zygomatic bone, 6: Inferior nasal concha, 7: Maxilla, 8: Mandible Label the bones in the figure below: A: Trapezium, B: Scaphoid, C: Lunate, D: Triquetral, E: 5th metacarpal (must include both parts for full credit) A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. (1) Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture. (2) They would have decreased osteoblasts which are responsible for bone repair. The bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of bone which is done by the work of osteoblasts. Label the following five muscles: B: Temporalis, C: Orbicularis oculi, E: Zygomaticus major, G: Buc- cinator, J: Depressor labii inferioris When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs? F. B&D: B. Wrist extension, D. Extension of digits 2-5 Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not. (1)Yes. Both male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hor- mones. However, the ratios are different., (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this "opposite" hormone that the testis would not. 2 / 4

Portage BIOD 151 Final Exam*** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_djxhpm List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys. ADH List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin Aldosterone is involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium in the body. Explain how too much aldosterone could contribute to high blood pressure. Aldosterone's primary target organ is the kidney, where it pro- motes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassi- um. The blood sodium level is particularly important to the main- tenance of blood pressure. Too much sodium causes retention of fluid and increases blood pressure. Therefore, too much aldos- terone will cause increased and potentially high blood pressure. A. Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B. What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? A) Meisner's corpuscles; B) Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor) (spiral shaped) Match the cell with its single best description, using each descrip- tion only once. Keratinocytes: Produces a protein to protect the skin, Fibroblasts: Produces collagen, Melanocytes: Produces a pigment that ab- sorbs UV rays, Langerhans cells: Assists in immune responses What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlight- ed in blue, also indicated by the arrow) The sebaceous gland (oil gland) produces oil (sebum) to protect the skin and hair from drying. List the 6 levels of organization of the body Organism > organ system > organ > tissue > cellular > chemical What is anabolism? synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones Which tissues covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body Epithelium List the 3 steps of cellular respiration Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport system True or False: Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. False True or False? Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. True True or false? Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. True Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, bind the cell membrane, to bring about changes within the cell proteins. False differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. Type I forms the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli within the junction of the capillaries. Type II cells produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant and can divide to replace Type I cells. Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland continues to produce TSH; so, the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine. (The thyroid gets larger to try and capture all the iodine it can, so it can make the right amount of thyroid hormone). A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? A. Pacinian corpuscle B. Detects pressure (mechanoreceptor) 3 / 4

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Portage BIOD 151 Final Exam*** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_djxhpm Match the cell with its single best description, using each descrip- tion only once. Fibroblasts Keratinocytes Langerhans cells Melanocytes Fibroblasts: Produces collagen Keratinocytes: Produces a protein to protect the skin Langerhans cells: Assists in immune responses Melanocytes: Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays Sebaceous gland (oil gland) produces oil (sebum) to protect the skin and hair from drying. Catabolism The breakdown of nutrients Four basic types of tissue epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous three layers of skin from superficial to deepest Hypodermis, dermis, epidermis Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver this is _____ reaction. Catabolic b/c it is breaking down a larger substance into smaller parts. What anatomical term is used to indicate "toward front of the body" anterior the position of the epigastric region relative to the umbilical region in anatomical position terms. The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. Cell shrinking hypertonic red blood cell placed in distilled water hypotonic specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function are called tissues something towards bodys midline medial plane that divides body into left and right sides sagittal plane which organ system seeeks out and destroys pathogens that enter the body immune what is the name of the major body cavity encompassing the front portion of the body ventral term used to describe abdominal region under breast bone epigastric the process of homeostatic regulation operates most often through a system of negative feedback how do cells obtain energy they need when phosphate bonds of ATP are broken 4 / 4

BIOD 151 Final V2

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