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Life Cycle Comparison Zoology – C654 Nov 5, 2023 Cnidarian – Moon Jelly

Moon jellies start their development as a polyp. Over time, the polyps will divide and begin to form plate like structures on top of each other through strobilation. The segments will then begin to break away from the strobila and become a separate structure known as an ephyra. The ephyra is like the juvenile stage of these jellies. Eventually, the ephyra will mature into the medusa, which is the adult form of the moon jelly. Depending on where in the moon jelly is currently in its lifecycle, they are able to reproduce sexually and asexually. Medusae can reproduce sexually through releasing sex cells into the water. Sperm cells will fertilize the eggs that will then form zygotes. They can reproduce asexually when they are polyps by forming buds. Hexapod – Honeybee The honeybee has 4 main life stages. The queen honeybee will store sperm collected from male bees. The queen honeybee will determine the sex of each egg fertilized through several factors, such as the orientation of the cell in which she legs the egg. After 3 days of the egg being laid, it will then hatch into a larva. The worker bees will aide in the larva’s development by covering their cell in a wax case. The larva will then wrap itself into a cocoon and will grow into a pupa. This is the point of its development where it develops its bodily structures, like legs and wings. Once adulthood is met, the honeybee will eat its way out of its cocoon and join the hive.

Chordate - Frog The frogs start similarly to the honeybees, that being as eggs. Frogs will usually breed annually, and males will expel sperm over the egg released by the females, fertilizing the eggs. These eggs will form the embryos that will eventually hatch into tadpoles. Tadpoles will overgo a process called metamorphosis where they will change appearance entirely. The juvenile stage for the frogs is the froglets, which is visually a mix between frogs and tadpoles. After metamorphosis is complete, the frog is fully developed and lost its tail like structure.

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2. Between the moon jellies, honeybees, and frogs, they all share similar developmental stages, like the egg, juvenile and adult stages. Each of the three begin as an egg that has been fertilized by male and female gametes. They all share a middle juvenile stage, the moon jelly’s being the strobila, the honeybee’s being the pupa, and the frogs being the froglets. Each of these stages are important to their development, as they begin to grow the body structures they need for adulthood. They all also share a final stage of development, where the organism is fully formed and has all functions needed for survival. They also share ways to reproduce with the opposite sex through the sharing of sex cells. The honeybees and the frogs also share a similar metamorphosis as they change appearance drastically. 3. The moon jellies share a very distinct difference in that they have the capacity for asexual reproduction alongside sexual reproduction. Moon jellies have a unique body plan, with radial symmetry, and no designated brain, but a distributed nervous system that flows through its body. The cnidarians also have no vertebrae, and has one single opening for food to enter, waste to be excreted, and eggs or sperm to pass. Honeybees and frogs hold the ability to reproduce sexually exclusively and have bilateral symmetry. Honeybees, however, will encase themselves into a cocoon while undergoing metamorphosis to protect them from predators and weather conditions. Hexapods also have a segmented body and are invertebrates. The frogs, however, are vertebrates and will develop independently.

4. Examining the life cycle of an organism can give us information on how closely related they are genetically. Although the adult forms of all living beings are extremely unique, there are many key similarities that can be found in their development. This can help us better understanding their evolutionary lineage and aide us in classifying organisms into phyla. Some of the key characteristics that are used in this classification are the reproductive methods, developmental stages, and the larva stages, or lack thereof. Organisms can be classified into phyla through the analysis of life cycles, along with physical traits, anatomical structures, and many other factors. Works cited. Gilbert, Scott F. “The Frog Life Cycle.” Nih.gov , Sinauer Associates, 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10035/. Heesch, Svenja, et al. “Evolution of Life Cycles and Reproductive Traits: Insights from the Brown Algae.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol. 34, no. 7, 23 June 2021, pp. 992–1009, https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13880. “Phylum Cnidaria | OpenStax Biology 2e.” Courses.lumenlearning.com , courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osbiology2e/chapter/phylum-cnidaria/. Seattle Aquarium. “The Facts of (Jellyfish) Life | Seattle Aquarium.” Www.seattleaquarium.org , 7 Oct. 2015, www.seattleaquarium.org/blog/facts-jellyfish-life. “Stages of Bee Development | Bees a Honey of an Idea.” Bees.techno-Science.ca , bees.techno- science.ca/english/bees/life-in-a-hive/stages.php. “Stages of Bee Growth.” Honey Bee Research Centre , hbrc.ca/stages-of-bee-growth/.

Technau, U., and R. E. Steele. “Evolutionary Crossroads in Developmental Biology: Cnidaria.” Development , vol. 138, no. 8, 9 Mar. 2011, pp. 1447–1458, dev.biologists.org/content/138/8/1447#sec-2, https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.048959. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019. “What Goes on inside a Cocoon? | Wonderopolis.” Wonderopolis.org , wonderopolis.org/wonder/what- goes-on-inside-a-cocoon/.

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