Lab 9 Assignment

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Brooklyn College, CUNY *

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab 9 Assignment Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 1) What are the microscopic and macroscopic morphological characteristics of Rhizobium? Microscopic characteristics: Gram – bacilli soil bacteria in clusters Macroscopic characteristics: raised, white/translucent, somewhat large colonies (results will be obtained next week) 2) Identify and describe another beneficial plant-microbe alliance. Rhizobium has an endosymbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. Nitrogen is a critical limiting element for plants. They require the reaction of: N2 (atmospheric nitrogen)  NH3 (ammonia)  Amino Acids  Proteins. But plants are unable to perform this reaction by themselves. However, plants make the protein leghemogloben when they become infected with Rhizobium. It binds to oxygen, depleting the oxygen in the nodule thus, allowing Rhizobium to fix nitrogen. This benefits both the plants and the bacterium as the plants receive nitrate and the bacterium receives nutrients from the plant for growth. 3) What benefit does the plant derive from the Rhizobium-clover alliance? Nitrate, usable form of Nitrogen.

4) What benefit does the bacterium derive? Nutrients. Enzyme Induction in E. coli 1) What are the advantages to a microbe of having inducible enzymes? The advantages of a microbe having an inducible enzyme is that it can regulate its gene expression and at the same time saves energy as enzymes are told when to stop producing a certain product when it’s no longer needed or there is enough of it already made. An inducible enzyme needs a substrate to bind to a repressor, repressor will fall off the promoter, and RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription. An example of such an operon is Lac operon. 2) What is the function of toluene in this experiment? Toluene is a cell wall disruptor. It makes the cell wall coarse and along with vertexing, it causes the cell to burst so that all the proteins that were expressed can float in the buffer. Beta- galactosidase is among the enzymes that will get released and it will cleave the bond between glucose and galactose. It also makes the cells permeable to the ONPG, a reporter that tells us if lac operon was on. 3) What are the advantages to a microbe as a consequence of such an arrangement of genes, and what is this arrangement called? An advantage to a microbe as a consequence of such an arrangement of genes is the cell being able to get energy when glucose is not present, and lactose is. This arrangement is called an operon. An operon is a set of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule along with a sequence that controls its expression. LacZ, LacY, LacA are the genes that are regulated with the operon to aid in the lac operon’s function.

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