KPE261 lab 3

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University of Toronto *

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261

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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KPE261 Xavier D’silva 1009458588 Joyce Chen Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to compare the effects of mental practice in motor learning to augmented feedback on a task to figure out which is the most effective strategy for cup stacking. The alternate hypothesis which I will attempt to prove is that cognitive imagery is superior to augmented feedback in university students' performance. The null hypothesis is that augmented feedback (given in the form of Knowledge of performance, in essence advice on mechanics of the task performed from an exterior source)) will provide a greater amount of improvement in cup stacking times in comparison to mental practice using cognitive imagery. Methods The experimental conditions all of the participants will stack cups in a pyramid formation, for 6 trials. Two trials will be reserved for skill acquisition/practice, and the other 4 will test the theories. For half of the participants, they will receive a thirty second break between trials in order to visualize themselves stacking the cups, and for the other half they will receive feedback or Knowledge of performance (KP) in the thirty seconds before starting a new trial. In order to complete the lab, students will have to stack 6 cups in 2 dimensional pyramids, with two cups on the bottom and one on the top as shown below. Stacking time will start when the student says go, and end when they have successfully stacked and unstacked the cups in the formation. Times will be tracked in seconds on a survey. Time in seconds (AF) Time in seconds (MI) Acquisition phase trial 1 6.56 5.35 Acquisition phase trial 2 5.45 5.45 Trial 3 5.86 4.46

Trial 4 4.89 4.56 Trial 5 4.97 4.37 Trial 6 4.78 4.20 Anticipated results I anticipate that cognitive imagery will play a better role in improving cup stacking time than augmented feedback. This is because the task of stacking a cup is a very easy task to visualize. Additionally, using mental chronometry and data from lab 1 which included the same cup stacking time, I can safely say that there is enough time to visualize oneself stacking the cups. Kinaesthetic imagery is thought to be effective in performing a motor task as studies have shown EMG activity in muscles when imagining specific tasks relating to that muscle (Jacobson 1931). In addition to this, it is possible with augmented feedback the learner may not benefit from having it so close to the performance, as it may cause cognitive confusion. In addition to this, The population studied has already had experience with motor learning, meaning they would be more accustomed to the mechanics of the motor task. It is possible that they may have attained a Generalized motor plan as well, which might lead to progressions in the cup stacking skill itself.

Citations Jacobson, E. (1930). Electrical measurements of neuromuscular states during mental activities. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content , 95 (3), 694–702. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1930.95.3.694 ANDERSON, D. I., & MAGILL, R. A. (2021). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications . McGraw-Hill.

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