mod1

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide M ODULE R EFLECTION – In the box below, reflect on the course material and activities for this module. If you did not complete all the activities, did you have any questions or comments relating to this? What content did you find the most interesting and why? This should be a 4-5 sentence paragraph. I did complete all activities for this module, and I do not have any questions or comments at this exact moment. I have worked as a CNA for 18 years and have some experience in LVN courses prior to this school. The most interesting section for me was the wound healing. I will never forget my first day on the floor at the local nursing home, and I went to change a bedbound resident. I did not get in the report that this lady had a stage 4 pressure ulcer on her tailbone, and my fist almost went straight into it. This was my first experience with these types of wounds, and I will never forget it. M ODULE C ONTENT R EVIEW S TUDY G UIDE C HAPTER 2 – C ELLULAR I NJURY , A DAPTATIONS , AND M ALADAPTIVE C HANGES Define the following terms: Term Definition Etiology • Original cause of cell alteration or disease Histology • Microscopic study of tissue Biopsy • Sample for histological analysis Pathognomic Changes • Unique, identifying disease presentations ‒ Example : crater-like formation in stomach indicates ulcer Atrophy • Cells revert to smaller size due to reduction in metabolic demand • Example : paralysis causing shrinkage of skeletal muscle Hypertrophy • Increase in individual cell size Hyperplasia • Increase in number of cells pg. 1 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide • Only in cells capable of mitosis • Can result from hormonal stimulation ‒ Example: estrogen stimulates growth of breast cells in pregnancy • May evolve into maladaptive compensation ‒ Cell number increases too much ‒ Example: keloid formation Metaplasia • Replacement of one cell type with another • Genetic reprogramming to ensure cell survival • Example: GERD ‒ Lower esophageal cells transform from squamous epithelium to columnar stomach-like cells Dysplasia • Deranged cellular growth • Often a result of chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition • Cells vary in size, shape, and organization compared with normal • Example: cervical dysplasia detected by Papanicolaou (Pap) test Neoplasia • “New growth” • Disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth, “cancerous” • Neoplasm: often interchanged with the term “tumor” • Neoplasms may be benign or malignant (see next slide) Hypoxia • Diminished oxygen to cells • Due to ischemia (diminished circulation), problems with RBC’s (anemia), pulmonary issues • Causes cells to enter anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid levels increase Apoptosis • Programmed cell death • Organized process that does not cause inflammation or adversely affect surrounding pg. 2 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide being overly startled by noises and movement being very slow to reach milestones like learning to crawl, and losing skills they have already learnt floppiness and weakness, which keeps getting worse until they're unable to move (paralysis) difficulty swallowing loss of vision or hearing muscle stiffness seizures (fits) The condition is usually fatal by around 3 to 5 years of age, often due to complications of a lung infection (pneumonia) . hexosaminidase A enzyme (chromosome 15) leading to ganglioside accumulation in CNS normally occurs by age 3 Down Syndrome autosomal recessive Flat facial profile, epicanthic folds around the eyes 80% have IQ of 25 to 50 Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and ultrasound There's no specific treatment for Down syndrome. But there is a wide range of physical and developmental therapies designed to help people with Down syndrome reach their full potential. Huntington’s Disease Autosomal dominant Clinical presentation includes a movement disorder, a cognitive disorder, and a behavior disorder Chorea is the most common movement disorder Dance-like movement progressing to flailing Persons with adult The most effective and accurate method of testing for HD— called the direct genetic test—counts the number of CAG repeats in the HD gene, using DNA taken from a blood sample. The presence of 36 or more repeats No cure. Antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, and anticonvulsants are common management strategies . pg. 4 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide onset HD usually develop symptoms between 35 and 44 years old supports a diagnosis of HD C HAPTER 9 – I NFLAMMATION AND D YSFUNCTIONAL W OUND H EALING Define and give examples of the terms below using your textbook and/or videos: Term Definition Examples Acute inflammation Rapid onset Terminates quickly acute bronchitis, appendicitis and other illnesses ending in “-itis” an ingrown toenail. a sore throat from a cold or flu. Purulent exudate pus Proteins, microbes, cell debris White-green discharge Abscess Localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate Armpit abscess due to hidradenitis suppurativa, an infection of the sweat glands, turning the armpit's skin red and tender. Breast abscess is common in breastfeeding mothers. Anorectal abscesses such as a perianal or perirectal abscess. Transudate Watery, clear fluid non-infected blister Effusion Accumulation of fluid in a body cavity Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity Leukocytosis Increase in WBC number Rarely, a high white blood cell count can be a symptom of certain blood cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chemotaxis Chemical signals attract WBC’s and platelets. response of motile cells or organisms in which the direction of movement is affected by the gradient of a diffusible substance. In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development (e.g., movement of sperm towards the egg during fertilization) and development (e.g., migration of neurons or lymphocytes) as well as in normal function and health (e.g., migration of leukocytes during pg. 5 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide Term Definition Examples Fungal infections: Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis. Parasitic infections: Toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Autoimmune diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and sarcoidosis. Malignancies: Lymphoma, leukemia, and metastatic cancer. Allergic reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions can cause lymph nodes to swell, such as in response to medications or certain foods. Histamine a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. sneezing, runny nose, pharyngeal irritation in upper respiratory tract Chronic inflammation Inflammation for weeks or months with no resolution or healing Persistent infection Tuberculosis, syphilis, viruses, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Anthracosis (Black Lung), Atherosclerosis Four phases of wound healing The process/order of healing a wound Hemostasis Inflammation (described previously) Proliferation, granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, epithelialization Wound contraction and remodeling Hemostasis the stopping of a flow of blood. Vascular spasm: Constriction of the blood vessel to reduce blood flow to the area of injury. Platelet plug formation: Platelets adhere to the damaged blood vessel and aggregate to form a temporary plug to stop bleeding. Coagulation: Blood clotting, involving a complex pg. 7 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide Term Definition Examples cascade of reactions that results in the formation of a fibrin clot to seal the leak in the blood vessel. Wound retraction the first immediate change in the wound is usually enlargement through contraction of the surrounding musculature and an increase in resting tissue tension. This may give the illusion of tissue loss when there actually is not any. Wound contractures may be seen after serious burns and may occur on the palms, the soles, and the anterior thorax. For example, scars that prevent joints from extending or scars that cause an ectropion Primary intention all tissues, including the skin, are closed with suture material after completion of the operation Clear wound edges (think surgical incision) No missing tissue Simple epithelialization By day 5, granulation tissue By the end of the first month, connective tissue covered by an intact epidermis Secondary intention when a wound is left open and closes naturally. No sutures or other materials are used to close the wound. Dressings are applied instead in order to protect the wound from contamination. Extensive tissue loss Regeneration with same cell type is not possible Granulation and fibrotic tissue formation Longer healing time with wound contraction to close gap Myofibroblasts Scarring Tertiary intention delayed primary wound healing after 4–6 days Missing large amount of deep tissue Cleaned and left open Temporary packing with sterile gauze Prominent scarring, skin graft often required. Pressure ulcers and severe burns pg. 8 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide C HAPTER 10 – I NFECTIOUS D ISEASES These are the required infectious diseases you should know. Fill in the table to answer type, signs, and symptoms of each: Pathogen Type (Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, or Parasite) Signs and Symptoms One Interesting Fact / Statistic of Disease Staphylococcal Infections Bacteria Skin infections, abscesses, food poisoning Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant concern in healthcare settings. Streptococcal Infections Bacteria Sore throat, skin infections, scarlet fever Streptococcus pyogenes can cause serious complications such as rheumatic fever and post- streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Pneumonia Infections Bacteria, Virus Fever, cough, difficulty breathing Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial Meningitis: Haemophiles influenzae Bacteria Headache, fever, stiff neck Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) used to be a common cause of meningitis in children before the introduction of the Hib vaccine. GI Tract Infections – Escherichia coli Bacteria Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting Some strains of E. coli can cause severe foodborne illnesses such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Common Cold Virus Runny nose, sneezing, sore throat The common cold is typically caused by rhinoviruses, with over 200 different viruses responsible for causing colds. Influenza Virus Fever, cough, muscle aches Influenza pandemics have the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Epstein Barr Virus Fatigue, fever, sore throat Epstein-Barr virus is associated with infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as mono. MMR – Measles, Mumps, Rubella Virus Measles: cough, rash, fever; Mumps: swollen salivary glands; Rubella: rash, mild fever Measles can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis. pg. 10 of 4

HCR 240 Module 1 Learning Guide Varicella Virus Itchy rash, fever, fatigue Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox during the initial infection and may cause shingles later in life. Herpes Simplex Virus Cold sores, genital sores Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) commonly causes oral herpes, while herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is typically associated with genital herpes. Candida Fungus Oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections Candida infections can be opportunistic, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Malaria Parasite Fever, chills, fatigue Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. pg. 11 of 4