exam 1 study guide

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3064

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Jan 9, 2024

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Introduction to “Companion/Lab Animal Science” Functional Anatomy 1 and 2 Identify the differences between lagomorphs and rodents. Lagomorphs: two pairs of incisors surrounded by single unpigmented layer of enamel, herbivores, short tails, Maxillary fenestrations Rodents: single pair of incisors, double layered pigmented enamel, not strictly herbivores, long tails, baculum (penis bone) Discuss dog/cat domestication. Dogs: domesticated twice, once in Asia and once in Europe Cats: Africa and Middle East-wildcat, China-leopard cat Identify physiological ages among dog, cats, and humans. Dog: adult 3-5, senior 6-9, geriatric 10+ Cat: adult 4-8, senior 9-13, geriatric 14+ Human comp: 1yr=15, after age 5; +1=+4 Define functional anatomy, comparative anatomy, and comparative physiology. Functional: study of anatomy in its relation to function Comparative: Comparative study of the body structures of different species Comp phys: differences in the vital processes in different species of organisms Define and discuss the pupillary light reflex. the amount of incident light stimulating the retina and influencing the oculomotor neurons to constrict the pupil miosis; parasympathetic innervation through CN III emotional status causes pupillary dilation both should constrict with a direct response to tested eye Identify and discuss basics of structure and functions: tissue, organs, body systems, body cavities. Tissues: epithelial (not penetrated by blood vessels), connective (loose, fibrous, fat, cartilage, bone, bone marrow, blood), muscle, nervous Identify the directional terms and anatomical planes. •Cranial/Caudal- head • Rostral/caudal • Median plane- divides in = left & right halves • Sagittal plane- left & right not= • Horizontal plane- divides dorsal(towards back) and ventral not = • Dorsal/Ventral • Medial/Lateral • Superficial/Deep • Proximal/Distal • Palmar/Plantar • Prone/Supine Discuss ascites and the differences between exudate and transudate. Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity that exceeds 25ml Excudate is yellow fluid that comes out of a wound; transudate is the fluid component of blood that passes through endothelial walls, transparent The integumentary system: functions and structure. Structure: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis Function: protection from enviro, barrier against loss of water, electrolytes and cells, flexibility, temp reg Discuss the structure and the function of dog/cat skin.

Dog: 3-5 cells thick, hair grows in bundles & cycles, double coat, types; primary and secondary Day length – growth – Bay length + growth + Discuss the method of excretion of the exocrine gland. Secretion outside body How companion animals have an identifiable form: bones, joints, teeth 1 Identify the general characteristics of dog/cat skeleton and its functions. osteoblasts(bone formation), osteoclasts (bone resorption), chondrocytes(maintain cartilage) -mineral bank -blood production -pH balance -detox -sound management Discuss the difference between the dog and cat skeleton (skeleton comparison). Define the forequarters/hindquarters. Dog: 319 Cat: 245 Forequarters- starts w/ neck back to and includes last rib Hindquarters- hindlegs and adjoining parts of a quadruped Why front/rear angulation is important? Affects the gait Define and discuss angulation/conformation/the shoulder angle/ the front assembly. angles created by the bones meeting at various joints Forechest: the portion of the dogs that shows in front of the forelegs Shoulder layback: the angle at which the scapula lies against the ribcage (45) Shoulder angle: Achondroplastic breeds (Dachshunds, Corgi): ∼ 90°, Working breeds (Retrievers, Dobermann) a more open-angled, Gallopping breeds (Greyhound, Irish Wolfhound, Saluki): a more open shoulder the elbow will be below the brisket to allow flexibility during the typical double-suspension gallop Define the degree of the front/rear angulation. Rear- 110-130 Define and discuss the pelvic angle/hindquarters angles. Hindquarter- 30 or less Pelvic- 20-30 (>30=steep) Define and discus dog gaits. Walk, trot, gallop, amble, pace, canter What is the “flying trot”? All 4 feet off ground for brief period of time (German shepherd) What is the gait analysis? Kinematic gait analysis quantifies the positions, velocities, acceleration / deceleration, and angles of various anatomic structures in space Kinetic gait analysis measures the ground reaction forces that are the result of an individual’s step Discuss the difference between the dog and cat spine. Cat: extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, higher spine mobility

Dog: C1, atlas- up/down movement of head, C2, Axis- side to side What is VSC? Vertebral Subluxation Complex Discuss the spine anatomy and the intervertebral disc (structure, function, and abnormalities –IVDD, cervical spondylomyelopathy, Wobbler syndrome. IVDD- degenerative disease of spinal column, compression of spine Cervical- compression of cervical spinal cord segments Wobbler- protrusion of one or more caudal cervical discs Discuss the specialty bones in cats. Hind end for jumping, vestigial clavicle, rotating carpals, joints btwn vertebrae are flexible Identify the vestigial structures in cat and dog and discuss their role in these animals. Dogs: no collarbone How companion animals walk: bones, joints, teeth 2 Dog skeleton: appendicular and axial skeleton, visceral bone. Appendicular: legs & feet Axial: head, neck, spine, sternum Visceral: small body parts Discuss the physiology and function of growths plates. Open growth plates until late puberty,then form epiphyseal plates delay nutering until plates close Identify and discuss “pasterns” in dog/cat. Should not be used in reference to dogs or cats Front- metacarpus Rear- metatarsus What is the difference among digitigrades? Walk on toes Discuss palmigrade or plantigrade stance/carpal hyperextension. acute phenomenon caused by a traumatic event that ruptures the palmar ligaments Discuss paws and claws in dog/cat. Dog: 4 functional toes and one dewclaw Cat: five toes on front and 4 on back Discuss polydactyly and the “kangaroo cat”. Squitten cats (Kangaroo cats) (radial hypoplasia/foreleg micromielia) Identify the different skull shapes in dogs/cats. Brachycephalic skull: a short, wide, round skull, short muzzle Mesaticephalic/Mesocephalic skull: medium skull Dolichocephalic skull: a long, narrow skull Brachycephalic: Persian, Exotic short hair Mesocephalic: DSH Dolichocephalic: Siamese What is the difference between Cephalic index” and “Craniofacial ratio”? Cephalic: measure width vs. length

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Craniofacial: compares size of cranium to length of muzzle What is baby schema? An innate caretaking and nurturing mechanism triggered by features of a babys face What is hypertelorism? Eyes spaced widely apart, cleft pallet Define the different types of joints. Fibrous- immovable Cartilaginous- slight movement Synovial- freely movable Identify and discuss CHD. Canine hip dysplasia- multifactorial abnormal development of coxofemoral joint, disparity btwn hip joint muscle mass and rapid bone development Identify and discuss patellar luxation in dogs and cats. Patella slips out of groove on long bone of leg causing pain, making joints unstable What is the difference between brachydont and hypsodont? Brachydont: low crowned teeth Hysodont: high crowned teeth Discuss the structure and function of the different tooth components in dogs and cats. Identify and discuss the function of the teeth in dogs and cats. Incisors (I): cutting and nibbling food Canines (C): holding and tearing food Premolars (P): cutting, holding, and shearing food Molars (M): grinding food (dogs) What is the dental formula? used to indicate the number of each type of tooth for a given species How many permanent and deciduous teeth have dogs and cats? Dogs: 42 Cats: 30 Discuss the carnassial tooth abscess. The individual root usually involved, the front one closest to the skin below and in front of the eye Discuss retained deciduous tooth. Baby canine tooth doesn’t fall out, can cause malocclusion Identify and discuss the different types of malocclusion in dogs Class 1 malocclusions- individual or multiple teeth maybe crowded, rotated, or misaligned Class 2 malocclusions- overbite, maxillary teeth are markedly in front of mandibular counterparts Class 3 malocclusions- underbite, some or all maxillary teeth located behind mandibular incisors The red Inner Stream: blood functions 1 & 2 Can a dog donate blood to a cat? yes Identify and discuss the cat/dog blood types, universal donor, and universal recipient Frequency of Blood Types in Pedigreed Cats. Cat: A, B, AB, AB universal recipient, no universal donor Dog: more than 12, DEA 1.1- universal donor, DEA 1.1+ universal recipient

Identify and discuss neonatal isoerythrolysis. Hemolytic anemia in a newborn, occurs when B type queen is bred to A or AB tom and A and AB type kitten absorbs antibodies from colostrum Define the major cross-matching and the minor cross-matching. Major- checks if recipient plasma has antibodies to donors red blood cell antigens Minor- checks if donor plasma contains antibodies to the recipient red blood cell antigens Discuss blood transfusion and their risks. Acute hemolysis, sepsis, disease from donor Why blood transfusion in dogs and cats? Severe blood loss, chronic anemia, coagulation defects, autoimmune hemolytic anemia Identify canine and feline donor eligibility. Healthy and friendly, age 1-6, donate 4x a year, >55lbs for dogs, >10lbs for cats, complete cell count profile Identify blood functions. Transportation, regulation, protections Identify the general characteristics of blood. Red color due to hemoglobin, venous blood pH 7.36, arterial blood pH 7.4, TBV dogs= 80ml/kg, TBV cats=70ml/kg Identify blood gases. PaCO2(ventilate) & PaO2(oxygenate) Identify blood constituents. Plasma and cells Identify the differences between plasma and serum. Serum is plasma w/out the clotting factors Canine and feline erythrocyte lifespan. Canine: 110-120 days Feline: 65-76 days Where the RBCs are produced/destroyed? Produced in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen and liver How many RBCs does a dog/cat have? Dog: 4.95-7.87x10^6 Cat: 5-10x10^6 Identify and discuss the WBCs and platelets. WBC- phagocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes Platelets- responsible for repair of all damaged blood vessels Define and discuss thrombocytopenia. Blood platelets become too low; decreased production by bone marrow, increased use of platelets in clotting, destruction of platelets by immune system, removal by general circulation Identify and discuss PCV. Packs cell volume, causes anemia if too low Define and discuss anemia. Lack of normal number of red blood cells Define and discuss polycythemia. Disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in # of red blood cells

Why greyhounds are not “regular” dogs? Higher packed cell volumes and RBC count and high affinity for O2 The lymphatic system: components and functions. Lymph, lymph nodes, lymphatics; Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream The lymphatic system: palpable lymph nodes and their inspection. Reveals changes in normal contours caused by enlargement The traffic control tower of the body and behavior: the nervous system Define the function of the nervous system and its basic structure (components and cells, embryonic subdivisions) communication network that enables an animal to adjust itself or its part to changes in the external and internal enviro Identify and discuss how the nervous system is organized (CNS vs. PNS vs. ANS) and the functions of these different portions (e.g., cerebral cortex lobes, brainstem, cranial nerves) cns- master control unit (spinal cord, brain stem, brain) pns- link to outside world (autonomic-sympathetic & parasympathetic, sematic) The Cerebral Spinal Fluid: components and functions. Clear fluid present in the ventricles of the brain, central canal, spinal cord, surrounds the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord The Blood Brain Barrier: structure and function. Diffusion barrier Myelography and hydrocephalus. Myelography- injection of radiopaque dyes into the CSF of the subarachnoid space Hydrocephalus- accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain Identify and discuss seizures and epilepsy. Identify and discuss canine narcolepsy and catalepsy. Identify and discuss Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia Identify and discuss Horner’s Syndrome. Identify and discuss Myasthenia Gravis. What is the Tensilon test? How companion animals can enjoy the surroundings: the senses Identify and discuss the function of the structures of the eye. Discuss canine and feline sight: monocular, binocular and color vision. What is tapetum lucidum and what is its function? Cat eye features and cat sight characteristics. Dog eye features and cat sight characteristics. Define and discuss tear production and their drainage system What is Meibomian adenoma? Identify and discuss “the cherry eye”. Identify and discuss KCS. Do dogs need prescription glasses/lens /Goggles? Identify and discuss the “cloudy eyes”. Identify and discuss strabismus in dogs and cats Identify and discuss albinism and strabismus in felines What is

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the Creel Theory? What is feline taurine deficiency? Discuss canine and feline ear: the sense of hearing and the positional equilibrium. Identify and discuss the functions of the different parts of the canine/feline ear. Identify and discuss deafness in dogs and cats. Identify and discuss the vestibular syndrome. What is the righting reflex? Discuss canine and feline olfaction (primary olfactory system and secondary olfactory system vomeronasal organ and pheromones-). What is the catnip response? Discuss canine and feline taste. In cats, do filiform papillae have taste buds? Define their function. What is “strawberry furanone”? What is umami taste? Discuss canine and feline sense of touch. What are whiskers? Discuss whiskers’ functions. Those little “things” called hormones: the endocrine system Identify and discuss the major endocrine glands (e.g., hormones, functions, and abnormalities) in dogs and cats. Describe and give examples of negative and positive feedback. Identify and discuss hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Identify and discuss hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. The adrenal glands: Cushing vs Addison disease and the diagnostic tests. What is POMC? Identify and discuss Canine pituitary dwarfism syndrome and Feline Acromegaly. Identify and discuss Hypervitaminosis A and Vitamin D toxicosis in cats. Identify and discuss hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in dogs and cats. Identify and discuss Diabetes Mellitus in dogs and cats. Identify and discuss Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Why using the serum fructosamine test in cats? Identify the hormones that are secreted from the ovaries and testes.

exam 1 study guide

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