COVID-19 Lab: Graphing Zoonotic Diseases & Data Analysis

BE AWARE THAT UPLOADING empty or completed LAB FILES to sharing websites, or using AI-generated responses (e.g. ChatGPT) constitutes academic dishonesty, and will be penalized. If you are repeating this course, you need to complete the assignments again, you may not resubmit the same assignment (they change!!) COVID-19 AND Z OONOTIC D ISEASES W ELCOME TO YOUR FIRST LAB . W HAT NOW ? First- read through this whole document! Workbook labs (like this one) typically start with a list of “Objectives” that tell you what skills or knowledge the lab aims to train. Log in to your gmail account Go to FILE → Make a copy → Name the file with your last name e.g. “Lab xxxx- YOURNAME” . Save it in a folder that you can easily find. Read through the lab, and watch any videos linked in the lab. Complete the lab by filling in the answers, inserting images, photos or graphs as required. Pay attention to when you see or words highlighted in green - this is an indication that you need to complete a task. When you see words that are in italics it indicates that there is a question that you should answer. Use BLUE text for all your answers. If asked to explain or describe, I expect well thought out, grammatically correct statements. If you are tempted to answer “yes”, or “no”, follow up the statement with an explanation. Pay attention to formatting!! You will be saving your document as a pdf, which will then be uploaded to Canvas. Please make sure that tables and graphs are visible and not cut off, or spread over two pages. Graphs must ONLY be generated using google sheets or excel (I will show you how to use google sheets, excel is similar) Your work will undergo an AI and plagiarism analysis. All text and graphs must be in your own words. When you are done, go to FILE → Download As → pdf. Upload your completed SINGLE multipage PDF to the “submit assignment” button on Canvas.

Part A: Graphing Covid-19 (coronavirus) data. The Coronavirus pandemic has changed student learning at Mesa Community College from mostly in-person learning to mostly online. Plot the data on COVID-19 from the table on the next page in a bar chart. Use this bar chart example as you plot the data on the next page. Be sure you have the following parts: a. Title: Someone reading the title should know what the chart represents b. X-axis label . The X-axis is the independent variable, which is the factor set by the scientist, in this example below, “Year of Seizure”. c. Y-axis label . The Y-axis is always the dependent variable, or the factor measured by the scientist, in the example below, “Number of Seizures”. Number of Counterfeit Seizures from 2001-2010 by U.S. Customs By DHS - U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency, Dept. of Homeland Security, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18097113 Watch this silent tutorial on how to make graphs in Google sheets Googlesheets bar and line chart tutorial Bio 181-online 2

1. Bar chart 1. Plot the data from table 1 in a bar chart using google sheets. Do not hand sketch a graph, the graph must be digital. Table 1: Total Covid deaths for some states in the Western U.S. State Total Covid deaths as of January 10, 2021 Arizona 10141 California 29 233 Nevada 3450 New Mexico 2732 Utah 1390 Figure 1. >> Insert image of your graph here Make sure you follow these suggestions: 1. Be sure to give the graph a title. 2. For bar charts in Biology, the bars must be vertical. Depending on your software, you may have to choose a chart type with a different name (in google sheets it is called “Column chart”) 3. Label both the X and Y axes with numbers and words . 4. Pick a scale on the Y-axis that will use most of the graph (e.g. one line representing a unit of 1,000 deaths would be a bad choice). 5. Include the units of measure for the axis labels (e.g. number of people, km/hr etc) Bio 181-online 3

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2. Bar chart 2: Plot the data from table 2 in Figure 2 into a bar chart in google sheets. Copy the graph back into this document. Table 2: Data Table for Average Daily Cases per 100k in Last 7 Days State Covid daily cases (cases per 100,000 people) as of January 10, 2021 Arizona 133.8 California 99.6 Nevada 80.9 New Mexico 65.2 Utah 98.3 Source CDC data. Figure 2. >> Insert image of your graph here 3 . Interpret figures 1 and 2 by answering the questions below . a. Which state had the highest number of total deaths due to Covid? Which figure gave you this answer? b. Which state had the highest case rate ( number of cases per 100,000 people) due to Covid? Which figure gave you the answer? c. Are the two figures giving you identical information? d. If you put numbers on the Y-axis, but forgot to label the axis with words how might this confuse the reader? Bio 181-online 4

4. Line graph . A sample line graph is shown here as an example. Please plot each data point so it is visible to the reader (although this example does not)—again you can use excel or draw it on your notebook and take a picture of it a. Title: Someone reading the title should know what the chart represents b. X-axis label . The X-axis is the independent variable, which is the factor set by the scientist, in this example, “Time (years)”. c. Y-axis label . The Y-axis is the dependent variable, the factor measured by the scientist, in this example, “Number of People”. d. Legend . Shows what blue, red and yellow lines represent “births, deaths, increase”. Number of births, deaths, and population increase by year in the U.S. By Twopower332.1938 - English wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83217946 Table 3: New cases of Covid-19 by date in March-June 2020: Arizona and California (4) Date Arizona California March 15 3 92 April 5 230 1338 April 26 226 1203 May 17 346 1715 June 7 1080 2692 June 28 3034 5600 (4) https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/new-cases-50-states Bio 181-online 5

Make a line graph comparing Covid-19 cases in Arizona and California. In google sheets the “line graph” chart and “x y scatter” (to which you can add a trendline) are both options that may work for line graphs. The “line graph” chart plots straight lines between each (x,y) data point. If you want a smoothed curve, use the “x y scatter” and add the appropriate trendline. Be sure to label both the X and Y axes (and units!) and give the graph a title and legend . Use different colors for Arizona and California (display in your legend what each color represents). Plot and then connect the data points. Make sure you pick numeric scales that use most of the graph. Figure 3: >> Insert image of your graph here 5. Interpret the line graph (figure 3) by answering these questions. a. Is the general trend similar in Arizona and California? b. The graph shows the number of new Covid cases in Arizona and California in March 2020-June 2020. Does the graph provide any information about the cause of the changes in numbers? c. Juanita looked at the “Stay at home” orders issued by the governors of Arizona and California. She developed a hypothesis (possible explanation) that would explain the data. Which statement is supported by the data in figure 3 . “Social distancing restrictions issued by the governors in late March seem to have stabilized the number of new Covid cases in April. After these restrictions were lifted in May … Statement 1: … the number of cases remained stable in June, suggesting that we no longer need to do social distancing” Statement 2: … the number of new cases increased sharply in June, suggesting that we need to continue social distancing and reimpose restrictions.” Bio 181-online 6

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Part B: Mammals with Zoonotic Disease Zoonotic diseases are those that pass from animals to humans. Most human infectious diseases originated in animals, and the majority of these came from mammals (Han et.al.,2016). Therefore, it is important to know the type and location of mammals that carry zoonotic diseases. First read the questions below, and then return and read the following scientific article: Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals - PMC 1. What are zoonotic diseases? 2. Many non-mammal species like mosquitoes transmit diseases. Why does this article claim it is important to focus on mammals ? 3. List 3 activities that you think could bring humans and other mammals into contact (even if the animal may be dead or only its dung may be in contact). 4. Look at the six maps ( https://www.biointeractive.org/sites/default/files/iow-zoonoses.jpg ) a. Which 3 clades (groups) of mammals seem to have more species with zoonoses (carry diseases transferable from animals to humans)? Hint: look for red and purple. b. Which 3 clades of mammals seem to have fewer species with zoonoses? Hint: look for white and yellow. c. What continent is a hot spot (lots of purple) for Chiroptera (bats) carrying diseases? Bio 181-online 8

d. Find China and Southeast Asia on the Chiroptera map. What color is the Chiroptera map in Southeast Asia? Does this color support the hypothesis that Covid-19 may have come from a bat in Southeast Asia? 6. Locate the Southwestern U.S. on the 6 maps. Which one of the 6 clades has the highest level of zoonoses in the Southwestern U.S.? 7. Give a hypothesis (tentative explanation) why the map of Primates is white (no species that carry zoonoses) for the Northern hemisphere throughout. the world. Bio 181-online 9

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Bio 181 Lab Covid-19 And Zoonotic Disease 2024

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