Outline of Proposal Form

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BIO120: Proposal Assignment Outline Introduction : What is your assigned Species Number? What is the species name of your assigned species? Note: See page 6-3 on how to format your species name correctly! What phenotypic trait of your species have you chosen? Does this trait show phenotypic variation? Answer Yes or No What is its proposed adaptive function (i.e., how could it affect fitness)? What is your hypothesis? My hypothesis is… List 2 natural history details and/or results from published research that you will use to support your hypothesis. Include the in- text citation for the source of this information. 1) 2) Methods : What is the independent variable? How will you measure or manipulate the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? 16 Syntomeida epilais Polka dots (warning coloration) Yes Warning coloration to predators - instead of camouflaging, the polka dots and brights colors get the attention of predators, however the colors are present due to the presence of highly toxic cardiac glycosides which the species releases in case a predators tries to attack it. The warning coloration a ff ects the number of predators attracted to the syntomeida epilais Polka dots and coloration of Syntomeida epilais Looking at the insect Number of other insects attracted to it. MacRae, / Ted C. “Warning Coloration – Page 2.” Beetles In The Bush, 10 Oct. 2011, https://beetlesinthebush.com/tag/warning-coloration/page/2/. M., Rothschild, et al. “Cardiac Glycosides (Heart Poisons) in the Polka- Dot Moth Syntomeida Epilais Walk. (Ctenuchidae: LEP.) with Some Observations on the Toxic Qualities of Amata (=Syntomis) Phegea (L.).” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 15 May 1973, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/ rspb.1973.0015.

How will you measure the dependent variable? What are some confounding variables you will control for? If you have chosen an experimental manipulation, how will you create your control group? Predictions : What is your null hypothesis? State all three predictions and whether they reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. (Note: there should be 3 predictions.) Predictions Does this prediction reject or fail to reject the null? 1) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) Discussion: For each prediction that rejects the null hypothesis: • explain how the trait affects fitness • support each explanation with one piece of evidence such as natural history information or published research • including an in-text citation for each piece of evidence 1) 2) The color of the species does not provide too much attraction to predators Looking at the insects reactions The insects will be attracted to the colors of the Syntomeida epilais. The insects will not be attracted to the colors of the Syntomeida epilais Fail to reject Reject The colors of the Syntomeida epilais will have an a ff ect on the insects but not all of them. Reject The warning coloration on Syntomeida epilais acts as a double down defence against predators. It’s attracts a predators but also kills them. The presence of these colors is due to the highly toxic cardiac glycosides that the species releases when threatened. Raupp, Michael J. “Doubling down on Defense: The Polka-Dot Wasp Moth, Syntomeida Epilais.” Bug of the Week, Bug of the Week, 5 Jan. 2015, https://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2015/1/5/ doubling-down-on-defense-the-polka-dot-wasp-moth- isyntomeida-epilaisi. Environmental set up for both the Syntomeida epilais and other insects I would choose to use for the experiment.

For the prediction that fails to reject the null hypothesis: • why might individuals of this species have this trait? • support your explanation with one piece of evidence such as natural history information or published research • include an in-text citation for this piece of evidence References: For all the references cited in the outline above, write the full citation in the CSE format (see Appendix D) A lack of warning coloration or colors that attracts predators still works to the benefit of the Syntomeida epilais. This because it will attract fewer predators increasing life expectancy. Raupp, Michael J. “Doubling down on Defense: The Polka-Dot Wasp Moth, Syntomeida Epilais.” Bug of the Week, Bug of the Week, 5 Jan. 2015, https://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2015/1/5/ doubling-down-on-defense-the-polka-dot-wasp-moth- isyntomeida-epilaisi. Raupp, Michael J. “Doubling down on Defense: The Polka-Dot Wasp Moth, Syntomeida Epilais.” Bug of the Week, Bug of the Week, 5 Jan. 2015, https:// bugoftheweek.com/blog/2015/1/5/doubling-down-on-defense-the-polka-dot- wasp-moth-isyntomeida-epilaisi. MacRae, / Ted C. “Warning Coloration – Page 2.” Beetles In The Bush, 10 Oct. 2011, https://beetlesinthebush.com/tag/warning-coloration/page/2/. M., Rothschild, et al. “Cardiac Glycosides (Heart Poisons) in the Polka-Dot Moth Syntomeida Epilais Walk. (Ctenuchidae: LEP.) with Some Observations on the Toxic Qualities of Amata (=Syntomis) Phegea (L.).” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 15 May 1973, https:// royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1973.0015.

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