Genetics Practice Exam: True/False and Multiple Choice Questions

Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission Practice Exam If True / False (2pts / question) Select A if the statement is TRUE or Select B if the statement is FALSE. For multiple choice questions select the one best answer. Relative to genetics (T/F)... 1. Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment states that two members of a gene pair segregate equally into gametes so that half of the gametes get one allele and half of the gametes get the other allele. 2. Thomas Hunt Morgan, working with fruit flies, was the first person to describe X-linked traits. 3. Mendel’s Principal of Segregation states that nonhomologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in one of two ways independently from each other. 4. Marfan’s syndrome (an autosomal dominant trait) is an example of “incomplete penetrance”. Coat color in Labrador Retrievers is regulated by a pair of autosomal recessive genes. On one pair of genes Black (“B”) is dominant to chocolate (“b”). Yellow coat color is the result of a recessive epistatic allele (“ee”) that blocks the expression of both the black and chocolate color and produces the yellow color. 5. A yellow male (Bbee) was mated to a black female. If the resulting litter had 8 puppies (4 yellows, 3 blacks, and 1 chocolate) then there is a very high probability that female was heterozygous for both genes. Feel free to use the table below in your deliberations. Consider the following pedigree ....

Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission 6. If this condition were an autosomal recessive trait then the male in generation #1 would have to be homozygous 7. There is a high probability that this is a sex linked trait because there are disproportionally more affected males than females 8. This could be a pedigree of an autosomal dominant trait. 9. It is likely that this pedigree represents an autosomal recessive trait 10. This pedigree could represent an X-linked recessive trait. 11. A “Roan” coat color (C r C w ) in cattle is produced when an animal with a white coat (C w C w ) is crossed with an animal with a red coat (C r C r ). If we crossed two “roan” animals the expected phenotypic frequencies would be: a. 25% Roan / 50% Red / 25% White b. 75% Roan / 25% White c. 25% Red / 25% White / 50% roan d. none of the above

Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission 12. The probability of getting a female roan calf by crossing a red coated female and white coated male would be 50% The following three questions are relative to this example: Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. If a woman (whose mother didn’t have the condition) with hemophilia has a child with a man that doesn’t... 13. The likelihood that their first child will have the disease is 50% 14. Any resulting female offspring would all suffer from this disease while male offspring will be carriers. 15. We immediately know that the mother of the woman above had to be heterozygous for the condition and that her father had to have the affliction. You have conducted extensive experiments studying the inheritance of four genes (A, B, C, D) that are all located on the same chromosome in Drosophlia melanogaster . You have recorded the frequency of recombination in the resulting offspring for each of the following gene pairs: Gene Pair Frequency of Recombination or Map Units A–B 20 A–C 28 A–D 5 16. Given the data above, the order of the genes on the chromosomes would be: A – D – B – C 17. Because “A” and “D” genes are the located the closest together on the chromosome the likelihood of crossing over occurring between the two of them would be the lowest. 18. The distance between B and D would be 15 Map Units

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Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission 19. Diseases associated with defects in the mitochondrial DNA can be inherited by both male and female offspring but cannot be passed from the male to his offspring. 20. Mitochondrial DNA can be used to trace lineage over many generations in both males and females. (True/False) 22. Consistent with Chargaff’s rules, pyrimidines are found in equal concentration to purines in RNA 23. The DNA double helix structure consists of two anti-parallel strands of deoxynucleotides linked together by a 3’ to 5’ phosphodiesterase bond. The strands form a helical structure that in turn is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the ribose molecules on each of the strands. 24. The presence of a hydroxyl group on the number 3 carbon of the ribose molecule would be indicative of RNA and not DNA Relative to DNA replication... 25. The enzyme helicase relieves the twisting / supercoiling forces in the DNA helix as the DNA strands are unzipped 26. DNA polymerase “reads” the leading strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction and the lagging strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction. 27. The RNA that is laid down by the “primase” enzyme must be excised and backfilled with DNA nucleotides before replication is complete. 28. The action of ligase is never needed in the replication of the leading strand of DNA because it is synthesized in one continuous strand. 29. The telomere regions of DNA in gametic cells get progressively shorter with each replication cycle while those of somatic cells are maintained through the action of the enzyme telomerase.

Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission 30. When DNA is replicated the “parental” strand is always read in the 3’ to 5’ direction while the daughter strand is replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 31. Both DNA polymerase II and III have the ability to find and fix errors in the newly replicated DNA, but DNA Polymerase II is much slower and more methodical than Polymerase III. DNA Manipulation Matching/Word Associations: Match the letter of the term that best fits the description below. One answer per question. The choices below may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. PCR B. Restriction Enzyme C. Southern Blot D. GMO E. None of the Above... 32. A tool that allows one to amplify specific gene sequences within DNA. 33. Ed Southern 34. Involves the steps “Denaturation”, “Annealing”, and “Extension” repeated over and over. 35. “Sticky Ends” 36. Involves RNA transfer to a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane 37. An enzyme that cleaves polypeptides at (between) specific amino acid sequences. 38. Organism that has a gene from a different organism inserted into it. 39. Kary Mullis 40. In gel electrophoresis DNA fragments move toward the negative end of the gel because the nitrogen bases are positively charged.

Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission 41. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at very specific sites all of which possess palindromic sequences. Consider the above plasmid (pBR322) restriction enzyme map. The plasmid has 4361base pairs. They are numbered starting at the twelve o’clock position going clockwise. The specific location for each restriction enzyme is denoted. (for example HindIII cuts at basepair #29). (Ignore the “tet” “ori” and “amp” labels). The above plasmid was digested using the restriction enzymes EcoRI, EcoRV, SalI, and PstI. The resulting DNA fragments were loaded on a gel and were electrophoresed to completion... (Multiple Choice...Select the best answer) 42. How many bands would you expect to see on the gel? a. 2

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Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. None of the above 43. Which restriction digest bands would you expect to travel the furthest on the gel? a. EcoRI - EcoRV b. EcorV - SalI c. SalI - PstI d. PstI - EcoRI e. None of the above With respect to transcription... 44. The initiation of transcription process in prokaryotes requires the interaction of Sigma protein which coordinates the RNA polymerase with the DNA template strand. Initially it is the Sigma protein that binds to the promoter sequences of the DNA rather than the RNA polymerase. 45. The transcribed mRNA in prokaryotes requires the addition of a 5’ cap and a 3’ poly A tail for it to be fully functional. 46 “Processing” of the primary transcript in prokaryotes includes the splicing of the primary transcript to exclude all of the introns. This process is done in the spliceosome through the action of snRPS. 47 RNA polymerase transcribes what is referred to as the “coding strand” of DNA, with the end result being the mRNA. 48 The promoter region is always upstream of the gene being transcribed. 49. In eukaryotes the genes being transcribed from the DNA are much longer than the resulting “mature” mRNA.

Biology-151 (Fall 2023) SI Wania Imran ( wimran@umass.edu ) Prof.Mark Huyler Worksheet is intellectual property of UMass Amherst LRC’s SI Program Please Do Not Post Without Permission 50. The template strand could also be referred to as the anti-sense strand. Relative to the process of translation 51. A single nucleotide mutation within the mRNA would likely have much less of an effect than a reading frame shift. 52. The “charging” of a tRNA with a specific amino acid is an energy requiring process which uses ATP and involves the action of the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthatase. 53. Termination of translation occurs when a random “uncharged” tRNA binds to the “stop” codon on the mRNA, ultimately causing the release of the newly synthesized mRNA and the dis- association of the two subunits of the ribosome. 54. A single nucleotide polymorphism in DNA will always result in a different genotype, but may or may not result in a different phenotype.

Work Sheet_ SI Wania_2023-11-7_Session 10

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