IB_1201_L11_Evolution done

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Dec 6, 2023

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PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is the gene pool of the population depicted in the pie chart? The entire genetic variety within a population is encompassed by the gene pool depicted in the pie chart. This contains all the different genes, also known as alleles, that are present in the population. 2. What is the gene frequency (use the Hardy-Weinberg equation)? To calculate gene frequency using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, we require knowledge of genotype frequencies in the population. However, since the pie chart only provides us with the frequencies of phenotypes, we need to make certain assumptions about genotype frequencies. Let us presume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which implies that allele frequencies remain unaltered from generation to generation and can be determined from phenotype frequencies. Judging from the pie chart, we ascertain that both AA and Aa, which are considered dominant phenotypes, together amount to 80% of the entire frequency, while aa, representing the recessive phenotype, amasses 20% of frequency. Now, let us assign p as the dominant allele A’s frequency and q as that of the recessive allele a. To calculate the expected genotype frequencies using the equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 when p + q = 1, we can find the frequency of the recessive allele a by taking the square root of 0.2, which is q = 0.447. Next, we can find the frequency of the dominant allele A by subtracting q from 1, which is p = 0.553. Using p and q, we can calculate the expected genotype frequencies: AA = p^2 (0.306), Aa = 2pq (0.489), aa = q^2 (0.204). We can then calculate the gene frequency of the A allele by adding p to 0.5 times Aa, which is f(A) = 0.306 + 0.5(0.489) = 0.55. Similarly, we can calculate the gene frequency of the a allele by adding q to 0.5 times Aa, which is f(a) = 0.447 + 0.5(0.489) = 0.696. Thus, the gene frequency of the A allele is 0.55 and the gene frequency of the a allele is 0.696.
3. What are two types of extreme genetic drift? There are two types of extreme genetic drift, the bottleneck effect and the founder effect. The bottleneck effect happens when a large population is reduced to a small population because of natural disasters, outbreaks of diseases, or human activities such as hunting, fishing, or habitat destruction. The surviving population is a small subset of the original population, leading to a significantly different gene pool in the new population. On the other hand, the founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals migrate and begin a new population. The gene pool of this new population derives from the small group of founding individuals and may vary significantly from the gene pool of the original population. 4. What are more subtle contributors to genetic drift? (I) Other factors that may contribute to genetic drift include: (II) Migration: Movement of individuals from one population to another may result in alteration of the gene frequencies in both populations. (III) Non-random mating: Selection of mates based on certain traits may result in changes in gene frequencies of the population. (IV) Mutation: Random mutations may bring about new alleles in the population, thereby increasing genetic diversity and altering gene frequencies. (V) Natural selection: Certain alleles may become more or less common in a population due to selection pressures, which may alter gene frequencies over time.
EXERCISE 1: EMBRYOLOGY AND HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Data Sheet Homologous Structures: To create a PDF of your coloring book page click the “Print to PDF” button in the lower right-hand corner. A message will pop-up, read it and click “ok”. This will bring up the printing options and settings page. Check that the “Destination” field is set to “Save as PDF”. Check that the “Layout” field is set to “Landscape”. Expand the “More Settings” area in the menu and change the “Scale” field from 100 to 75. Press “Save” and save the Coloring book Page so you can submit it along with this assessment document. Embryo Development: To create a PDF of your completed table select the “Save” button in the lower right-hand corner, then select the “Download PDF” button at the top of the following page. Submit the downloaded PDF along with this assessment package. Post-Lab Questions 1. Based on your work with homologous structures, discuss which species have similar structures and which are less similar? The bones share similarities in their function and appearance, yet one notable distinction is their varying sizes. 2. Describe the function of each skeletal limb. The humerus serves as an attachment point for 13 muscles that assist in the movement of the upper limb, including the hand and elbow. Meanwhile, the ulna, as one of the two bones of the forearm, aids with its rotation. The radius, on the other hand, forms a joint with the humerus and ulna at the elbow, allowing for supination and pronation. At the wrist, the carpal bones contribute to the movement and rotation, and the metacarpals accommodate the muscles, tendons, and nerves of the palm. Finally, the phalanges enable us to grip and hold onto objects. 3. If these animals share a common ancestor, explain why there are differences in the bones? The bones differ due to various factors such as their unique evolutionary paths based on environmental influences. 4. Discuss how comparative embryo development contributes to the theory of evolution.
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The development of embryos can aid in the understanding of evolution, as it demonstrates that vertebrates share common ancestry and develop in a similar manner.

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