GMS 6410 Exam 1

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University of Alabama, Birmingham *

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6410

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Distance Learning GMS 6410 Exam #1 Your name: Answer each question using ~2-5 sentences. When finished, upload on the Assignments page in Canvas. Dr. Sayeski “Introduction to Blood Pressure Control” A. Define blood pressure? B. Describe how each variable of the blood pressure equation affects blood pressure either in a positive or a negative manner? C. Which organs can affect blood pressure and which variables of the blood pressure equation does each organ affect? D. How would you tell, experimentally, if there is functional redundancy for the loss of a regulatory system in the control of blood pressure? E. Describe how multiple organ systems exert a coordinated effect on blood pressure? Dr. Wood “Chemoreceptors” Please discuss the anatomy and function of the arterial chemoreceptors. A. What experiments were done to identify the aortic arch as a site of arterial chemosensation? B. Describe the relationship between PaO2 and respiratory frequency, and how this changes during acidemia. C. Describe the effect of carotid sinus denervation on the ventilatory response to hypoxia and reasons for this effect. D. Describe resetting of the chemoreceptors at birth. E. Describe the effect of bilateral ablation of the nuclei tractus solitarius with regard to control of respiration.

Dr. Wood “Fetal Circulation” Please discuss the fetal cardiovascular response to hypoxia (reduced oxygen partial pressure in fetal blood). A. Describe two ways that the fetus can become hypoxic. B. What is the difference between hypoxia and asphyxia, and what can cause these different conditions in the fetus? C. What receptors are involved in sensing increased carbon dioxide in the fetus? D. Describe the autonomic response to hypoxia in the fetus, and what effect does this autonomic response have on heart rate? E. Explain the principle of redistribution of cardiac output, and explain why this is important in the fetal response to hypoxia. Dr. Sayeski “Kinases and Blood Pressure Control” A. Approximately, how many tyrosine kinases are in the human genome? B. Using cell culture models, how would one determine the role of tyrosine kinases on blood pressure regulation? C. What are some of the possible limitations to the studies described in Question B? D. In mice, how would one determine the effect of tyrosine kinases on blood pressure regulation? E. What are some of the limitations for the studies described in Question D?

Dr. Hayward “CNS Pathways” Many regions of the brain provide descending input to the brainstem/spinal cord to modulate or change sympathetic activity, respiration rate, and cardiovascular reflex function during different types of stress (psychological or hypoxia). A. Identify 7 key brain regions involved in descending modulation of the sympathetic drive during emotional stress, beginning in the hypothalamus (front of the brain) and identify whether you think these regions are excitatory (ie., when activated increase sympathetic drive) or inhibitory (decrease sympathetic drive when activated). B. If there is also an associated change in respiratory activity that parallels a stress related change in sympathetic drive, describe potential pathways activated to trigger a simultaneous change in respiration? C. What happens to baroreflex function during descending activation of the parabrachial nucleus? Please include what neurotransmitters are released in the medulla and how these might contribute to associated changes in reflex gain changes in response to parabrachial activation? D. How does a change in inhibitory inputs (afferents or receptors) in the hypothalamus of individuals with cardiovascular disease contribute to a change in resting blood pressure and respiratory rate? Please provide how some of the brain regions identified in “a.” above may be altered (greater excitation/inhibition).

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GMS 6410 Exam 1

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