BIOL 3303 Problem Set 1

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIOL 3303 Fall 2023 Name: __ _______ Problem Set 1 COMET ID#: ___ Due September 12 th by 5pm CST – submit via eLearning 50 points total worth 10% of final grade Question 1. (12 points): Bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis are rod shaped; that is, they are like a cylinder capped with half spheres. As the cell grows, the cylinder section expands, keeping its diameter constant : a. Calculate the volume and surface area of a bacillus cell with an average radius of 1 μm when the cylinder portion of the cell grows from 2 to 4μm. Calculate these values for the closed cylinder only , please ignore the caps . (4 points) Volume of cylinder 1: V= π x1^2x2=2 μm Surface area of cylinder 2: SA= 2 x π x1x2+2x π x1^2=6 μm Volume of cylinder 2: V= π x1^2x4=4 μm Surface area of cylinder 2: SA= 2 x π x1x4+2x π x1^2=10 μm b. Calculate the surface-to-volume ratio of each cell (cylinder portion only). (4 points) C1: A1/V1=6/2=3 μm C2: A1/V1=10/4=5/2=2.5 μm c. Which cell will grow faster? Why? (4 points) 4  m 2  m 2  m 2  m

the first cell will grow faster due to its surface to volume ratio being bigger, with a bigger surface, the cell can easily metabolize within its surrounding environment. An increased metabolic rate will provide more nutrient intake. Question 2. (12 points) Below is an image of a very important biological macromolecule. Please answer the following questions about this macromolecule. a. Name this macromolecule and label its parts (1 and 2) in the diagram above (3 points). Phospholipid b. This macromolecule can form three different structures due to which unique property? Please name and describe this property as well as the three types of possible structures (5 points). Phospholipid can form liposome, bilayer sheet, and micelle. They are amphipathic molecules; they have a polar glycerophosphate head and two nonpolar fatty acid tails. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail 2. 1.

c. A structure that this macromolecule can make comprises a critical component of the cell. Please name the structure as well as the cellular component it forms and describe its function in the cell (4 points). The lipid bilayer is a critical component of the cell. It regulates and control what comes in and out of the cell while maintaining the structural of the cell. The bilayer consists of two layers of lipid molecules, each molecule contains a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Question 3. (9 points) What specialized intracellular components would increase the fitness of prokaryotes dwelling in these particular microenvironments? Explain why . (3 points each) a. Aerophilic magnetic bacteria in aquatic sediments Magnetosomes are bacteria that can sense and regulate the earth’s magnetic field, which then allows them to migrate across the oxygen gradient in sediment where the oxygen level is low, giving them an advantage in oxygen rich environments to increase their energy and fitness levels. b. Gut-inhabiting enterobacteria T3SS is type III secretion system, it controls gut bacteria activity. Bacteria use this system to produce proteins and deliver different metabolites into the host cells. T3SS gives the bacteria the ability to interact with the immune system of the host and colonize their gut which could cause diseases. Bacteria rely on T3SS for survival because it gives them an advantage. c. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria in damp soil

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In the absence of oxygen, heterocytes enables bacteria to fix nitrogen, allowing a trade in capacity to obtain energy from the plants. With the help of thylakoids, it expands the surface area for photosynthesis. Question 4 (5 points) Based on the lecture, what stage of cross-species transmission was the pathogen that caused the Athens pandemic? What do you think was the causative agent? Why? I believe the causative agent is Ebola because a lot of the symptoms from Ebola lined up with the symptoms from the Athens pandemic. I believe stage 4 was the pathogen that caused the Athens pandemic because Ebola came from bats, which then infected other animals which eventually infected humans, causing it to rapidly spread because of human-to-human contact. Question 5 (12 points) List the location (where in the cell), composition and function of each of the following bacterial structures. (3 points each) a. Flagella - Located in - Function: allows an organism to move and act as sensory organs to detect temperatures and pH changes - Composition: composed of basal body, hook, and filament. b. fimbriae or pili - located in cell wall - function: adhere to cell surface, allowing the bacteria to colonize and infect the cell. - composition: thin, protein tubes. Have a shaft composed of a protein called pilin.

c. capsule - located outside the cell envelope - function: protects cells from engulfment and helps attach to the surface. - composition: made of different capsular polysaccharides with different structures. d. cell wall - located outside the cell membrane - function: provides structural support and strength, and allows different types of molecules and concentrations to enter or leave the cell. - Composition: composed of two concentric membranes, studded with transmembrane proteins and peptidoglycan.

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