midterm-review

Midterm Review Animal Disorders (University of Guelph) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Midterm Review Animal Disorders (University of Guelph) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

MIDTERM REVIEW 1. Which of the following is not a sign of a stressed herd? a) Decreased Productivity b) Decreased Product Quality c) Increased Risk of Disease d) Increased Profit 2. Which of the following best describes stressors? a) Something that disrupts homeostasis in an organism and in doing so elicits a stress response b) A physical threat c) A psychological threat d) All of the above 3. Where does the perception of a stressor occur? a) Spinal Cord b) Sensory Input c) Brain d) Stress Response 4. What does the variance in an individual's stress response come from? a) Genetics b) Environment c) Epigenetics d) A sum of all the above 5. BMAL1 is what type of transcription factor? a) Clockwork b) Stresser c) Mutation d) Sex determining 6. Which of the following is the best stress biomarker? a) GC b) Catecholamines c) ACTH d) A panel 7. Which of the following do we not look for in a biomarker? a) Sensitive b) Low throughput analysis c) Economical d) Assay developed 8. Which of the following is true? a) HPA axis is activated immediately and peaks within minutes, SAM pathway is delayed and peaks within hours b) HPA Axis involves the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal medulla c) SAM Axis involves hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex d) SAM axis is activated immediately and peaks within minutes, HPA pathway is delayed and peaks within hours 9. In Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, Ach binding to NiAchR triggers release of catecholamines. These catecholamines are synthesized here from L-tyrosine. Which of the following enzymes converts NEPI to EPI? a) PC1 b) CYP Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

e) All of the above 18. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways catecholamines are regulated by the body? a) Regulation of PNMT enzyme activity and expression b) Regulation of bioavailability by plasma binding proteins (50% bound) c) Regulation of stressors d) Regulation of bioactivity by methyltransferases and monoamine oxidases that give the hormones a short half life e) Regulation of ? & ? adrenergic receptors at tissue level 19. Put the following steps of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis in order: I. In the anterior pituitary CRH binds to the high affinity CRH receptor (CRH-R1) on corticotroph cells. II. Secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (and other hormones with similar function; AVP, urocortin) from neurons in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus. III. GCs elicit a range of physiological responses including altering metabolism, behaviour, and regulating the innate and acquired immune responses to help deal with stressor and restore homeostasis. They mediate these effects by binding to high affinity mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and low affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that act as transcription factors. IV. Binding of ACTH to MC2R triggers adrenal steroidogenesis which involves the conversion of free cholesterol by CYP and 3 ? -HSD enzymes into glucocorticoids (GC- corticosterone in birds and rodents and cortisol in fish and most mammals) V. Neuropeptides are transported to the pituitary via projections into the posterior lobe and the portal system into the anterior lobe. VI. CRH binding to CRH-R1 initiates the transcription of POMC and the conversion to ACTH (bioactive form) by PC1 enzyme. VII. ACTH is secreted into circulation and binds to melanocortin 2 receptors (MC2R) on adrenal cells within the adrenal cortex. a) II, V, I, VI, VII, IV, III b) I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, c) II, I, V, VI, VII, IV, III d) II, I, V, VI, VII, III, IV 20. Which if the following is not true regarding GC regulation? a) Circulating hepatic proteins cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) as well as albumin (ALB) help regulate the bioavailability of circulating GC. b) Binding proteins sequester 95% of GC during stressed state c) During stress stored CBG is released to help buffer increasing GC levels but it will eventually become saturated and concentrations of bioactive GC levels are dramatically elevated d) Tissue GC concentrations are locally regulated by the expression of isozymes 11 ? -HSD2 and 11 ? -HSD1 21. Which if the following is not true regarding GC regulation? a) 11 ? -HSD1 converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol b) 11 ? -HSD2 converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone c) 11 ? -HSD1 is abundant in liver, adipose tissue and brain d) 11 ? -HSD2 is abundant in liver, adipose tissue and brain 22. Which if the following is not true regarding GC regulation? a) Circulating ACTH and GC are regulated throughout the day and season by circadian clockwork genes that are expressed within the SCN of the hypothalamus b) In diurnal species these clock genes allow for decreases in GC in the mornings and increases at night to meet fluctuating energy demands Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

c) Sympathetic nervous signaling from the SCN via the splanchnic nerve has been shown to provide rapid light/dark signals to the adrenals which leads to GC secretion independent of ACTH d) Peripheral circadian clock genes expressed within the adrenal medulla influence catecholamine secretion and in turn GC cycling 23. Which of the following can be a result of adrenal circadian disruption? a) Psychological Disorders (ex. depression) b) Metabolic Disorders (ex. obesity) c) Immune Disorders (ex. lupus) d) Cancer e) All of the above 24. Which of the following is NOT true regarding negative feedback signaling within the HPA axis during circadian cycling and stress? a) During chronic stress MR and GR expression are constantly elevated b) MR participates in negative feedback signalling during day and night circadian cycling. MR expression levels determine sensitivity to stress. MR is highly expressed in the hippocampus. c) GR participates in negative feedback signaling in response to stress. These negative feedback signals occur at the level of the hypothalamus, pituitary and hippocampus where GR expression is high. d) Since MR are of higher affinity their contribution to circadian cycling in tissues is greater. However during acute stress MR becomes saturated with GC thus GR mediates most of GC effects. 25. Which of the following direct biomarkers is most widely used as a biomarker of stress response due to its stability and easiness to sample? a) Catecholamines b) ACTH c) EPI d) Glucocorticoids 26. Why are direct acute stress biomarkers like catecholamines hard to determine? a) They have rapid release and short half lives b) Sensitive to animal handling c) Levels in blood may not be accurate d) All of the above 27. Of the following indirect biomarkers which is not affected by age, gender, day/night or season? a) Chromogranin A b) Blood pressure c) Heart Rate d) All of the above 28. Which of the following biomarkers would you most likely use for an acute stress biomarker in pigs? a) Catecholamines b) Chromogranin A c) ACTH d) GC 29. What is the correct order of steps that an animal must be able to do to maintain homeostasis in an environment rich with pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses? a) Prevent Pathogen Entry, Restore Homeostasis, Recognize Pathogen as Non-self b) Recognize Pathogen as Non-self, Prevent Pathogen Entry, Restore Homeostasis c) Prevent Pathogen Entry, Recognize Pathogen as Non-self, Restore Homeostasis d) Recognize Pathogen as Non-self, Restore Homeostasis, Prevent Pathogen Entry 30. Skin, Mucous, pH and temperature are all examples of which of the following? Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

c) IL-1 d) IL-6 e) All of the above 37. Which of the following best describes the acute phase response? a) The systematic response to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1, IL-6) during immune system activation b) In the hypothalamus the cytokines cause a fever response c) IL-1 induces sickness behavior (sleepiness and anorexia) d) In muscle cytokines cause protein catabolism which mobilizes AA to make host defense and tissue repair proteins. Many of these proteins are synthesized by the liver and referred to as acute phase proteins e) All of the above 38. Which of the following sends danger signals about invading microbes? a) MAMPS (microbial-associated molecular patterns) b) Alarmins (host alarm signals) c) PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) d) Two of the above 39. Which of the following recognizes danger signals? a) MAMPS b) Alarmins c) PRRs d) SIRs 40. What does secretion of TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6 cause? a) Stress Response b) Inflammation c) Danger Signal d) Ab formation 41. Which of the following is false regarding SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)? a) Lack of local immune defenses ability to contain an infection leads to the infection spreading which can cause SIRS b) SIRS can develop into sepsis c) The inflammatory response is typically systemic d) If an animal survives SIRS it will typically be immunocompromised for years 42. Which of the following is false regarding the innate immune system? a) It is very old and highly conserved b) It is highly effective at controlling and eliminating pathogens c) It has limited specificity d) Has immunological memory 43. Put in order the steps of the immune system. I. Pathogen invades barrier II. T and B cells differentiate into effector cells of acquired immune system and memory B and T cells that facilitate long term immunity III. MAMPS or alarmins sense danger and send danger signal to PRRs IV. Process microbial proteins into peptides V. PRRs trigger secretion of proinflammatory cytokines VI. Inflammation activates surveillance innate immune cells to phagocytose microbe VII. Migration to secondary lymphoid tissue VIII. Activation of T and B cells by antigen presentation. IX. Binding to receptors on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

a) I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX b) I, III, V, VI, IV, VII, IX, VIII, II c) I, III, VI, V, IV, VII, IX, VIII, II d) I, III, VII, VI, IV, VII, IX, VI, II 44. Which if the following is false? a) The innate immune system provides an immediate level of protection that buys time for the more effective acquired immune response to occur b) Acquired immune response takes longer for host to mount since a higher level of immune system orchestration is required c) Innate and Acquired immune responses do not cooperate d) Hundreds of immune-related protein are produced during the innate and acquired immune responses to microbial stressors and can be used as biomarkers 45. Which of the following cytokines involved in the acquired immune system is specific to the CMIR? a) IL-4 b) IL-13 c) IFNy d) All of the above 46. How would maternal undernutrition affect birth weight and what would that affect? a) Undernutrition contributes to low birth rate and puts fetus at risk for development of adult obesity, heart disease and diabetes since fetus is adapting to a low nutritional state b) Undernutrition would contribute to a low birth rate which would put fetus at risk for developing adult anorexia c) Undernutrition would contribute to a high birth rate since all the nutrients went to the fetus 47. Human polymorphisms in the USP8 gene indirectly contributes to increased _____ production that is a risk factor for cushing's disease (too high cortisol). a) Cortisol b) ACTH c) EPI d) NE 48. Which of the following is not true of Addison's disease? a) It is the same as Cushings disease b) It is characterized by too low cortisol c) Often caused by an autoimmune response against adrenal cortex causing atrophy and thus under production of GC d) In most cases results in loss of negative feedback at pituitary so will still have POMC and ACTH but still low cortisol 49. Label each of the following as a biomarker of acute or chronic microbial stress? a) Cytokines - A (inflammation driving-TNFα, IL-1, IL-6) & C (AbMIR driving- IL-4, IL13 or CMIR driving- IFN ? ) b) Hepatic APPs -Acute c) Temperature-Acute d) Antibodies -Chronic 50. Which of the following is false regarding the acquired immune response? a) The key difference between cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity is that cell mediated immunity destroys infectious particles via cell lysis by cytokines, without the production of antibodies, while antibody mediated immunity destroys pathogens by producing specific antibodies against antigens. b) The cell mediated response does not produce memory cells c) The cell mediated response uses T cells Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

b) You can try anxiolytic cognitive behavioral therapy c) Anxiolytic cognitive behavioral therapy can help appraise threats more realistically and can even decrease the size of the prefrontal cortex d) Anxiolytic cognitive behavioral therapy can help appraise threats more realistically and can even decrease the size of the amygdala 60. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor of anxiety? a) Genetics b) Youth c) Stressful infancy d) Recent stress e) Inactivity 61. Which of the following is not true? a) The limbic system activates the ANS and the HPA axis resulting in proinflammatory cytokine activation b) Chronic stress can lead to inflammatory activity, GC insensitivity, chronic inflammation and cellular aging. c) More active amygdala predicted more active bone marrow (which is where macrophages and IL of the immune response are located) d) More active amygdala predicted more signs of aortic inflammation which increase the risk of heart attacks and heart disease. e) All of the above are true 62. How does stress cause acne? a) Stress decreases cell mediated immune response b) Stress decreases Ab mediated immune response c) Stress is not a factor in acne d) A & B 63. Which of the following is false with regards to anxiety in dogs? a) Dogs have all the same risk factors as humans with the addition of early loss of mother and littermates, high volume commercial breeding establishments (puppy mills) at an increased risk of aggression and having a poor quality mother. b) Studies show that lesioning (damaging) the amygdala can cure anxious dogs c) Anxious dogs also seem to have more frontal cortex activity d) Anxious dogs' serotonin receptors have a decreased affinity for serotonin in the frontal cortex. 64. Which of the following is false regarding depression? a) Hippocampal volume loss is a common side effect of early/repeated stress and a biomarker of depression b) Clinical diagnosis of depression relays on biomarkers of depression more than self-reports c) Depression is characterized by anhedonia (low mood) and hyper or hypo-cortisolemia d) Hypo-cortisolemia is associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines 65. Caileigh used to love hanging out with her friends but now everything she sees them feels like a chore. Which sign of depression might Caileigh be experiencing? a) Weight change b) Insomnia/hypersomnia c) Retardation d) Anhedonia e) Feelings of worthlessness 66. Based on the above information only would we be able to diagnose Caileigh with depression yet? a) Yes, she is showing a sign of depression so we would be able to diagnose her Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

b) No, we would not be able to diagnose her yet since we do not have a brain scan of her hippocampus c) No, further self-reports would need to be heard, to be diagnosed with depression she would need to have at least 5 of the depression signs consistently d) Yes we could diagnose her with atypical depression 67. Which of the following is a test to see if an animal is depressed? a) Take away their food and observe their behavioral change b) Give them a treat and see if they become excited c) Ask them the self report questions d) Test if they are suicidal 68. Anxious, decreased sleep, decreased appetite but response to SSRI drugs are an example of which subtype of depression? a) Atypical b) Abnormal c) Melancholic d) Meaning less 69. Disinterested, not anxious, increased sleep, increased appetite, increased BMI but resistant to SSRI drugs is an example of which subtype of depression? a) Atypical b) Abnormal c) Melancholic d) Meaning less 70. Which of the following is false regarding biomarkers of depression? a) Decreased hippocampal volume can be linked to impaired memory and cognition b) Hippocampal volume changes are irreversible c) Cortisol is typically very high- melancholic (ACTH levels are also higher in this type due to HPA axis) or very low- atypical (ACTH levels are normal) d) Inflammatory markers may be elevated 71. Which of the following signs of depression is special to the atypical subtype? a) Elevated markers of inflammation b) Low cortisol c) Sickness behavior d) All of the above 72. Which of the following is not true? a) Psychological stress can be caused by negative early experiences that may also interact with genotype (ex. 5 HT) b) Psychological stress can be caused by recent or current stress such as divorce, floods, money issues c) No signs of depression can be seen in animals d) Rodents can be models of depression by causing chronic, social and physical stress. The signs they show are consistent with human signs. 73. Penicillin is an antimicrobial that falls under which class? a) Antibiotics b) Antifungals c) Antivirals d) Antiparasitics 74. Farmer bob uses antimicrobials to promote growth of his animals and minimize his production loss to disease. Which of the following driving forces behind antimicrobial usage does this represent? a) Increasing livestock productivity Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

82. What should we use antimicrobials for to prevent AMR? a) Growth b) Treatment for sick animals c) Disease prevention d) All of the above 83. Which of the following industries uses the most antimicrobials? a) Cattle b) Swine c) Poultry d) Turkey 84. Which of the following antibiotics is still allowed to be used as a growth promoter in canada? a) Aminoglycosides b) Penicillins c) Ionophores d) Macrolides e) Streptogramins f) Tetracycline 85. Why are the other antibiotics in the last question no longer allowed to be used? a) They were over prescribed b) They effect was minimal as housing conditions improved c) They are medically important for humans d) They are not effective in cattle 86. What is the difference between Monensin and Narasin ionophores? a) Monensin is used in cattle and Narasin is used in swine b) Monensin is used in swine and Narasin is used in cattle c) Monensin is used in cattle and Narasin is used in poultry d) Monensin is used in poultry and Narasin is used in cattle 87. What are the main two modes of action of antibiotics? a) Protein production or altering cell wall b) Macrophage or altering cell wall c) Protein production or RNA alteration d) Protein production or DNA alteration 88. In the USA which of the following is the correct order of the most commonly used medically important antimicrobials? a) Penicillins, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Sulfax b) Penicillins, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides=Sulfax c) Tetracyclines, Penicillins, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Sulfax d) Tetracyclines, Penicillins, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides=Sulfax 89. Out of both medically and not medically important antimicrobials, which antimicrobials are the highest? a) Tetracyclines (medically important) at 42% followed by Ionophores (not medically important) at 33% b) Tetracyclines (not medically important) at 42% followed by Ionophores (medically important) at 33% c) Ionophores (not medically important) at 42% followed by Tetracyclines (medically important) at 33% d) Ionophores (medically important) at 42% followed by Tetracyclines (not medically important) at 33% 90. Which of the following is correct regarding Ab residues? a) The USA accepts a greater amount of Ab residue in their products Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

b) Ab residue levels vary depending on tissue and is usually higher in kidney and liver tissues c) Ab residue levels are most concerning when high in milk or muscle d) Withdrawal time for meat is longer than withdrawal time for milk e) All of the above 91. Which of the following is not true regarding tetracyclines? a) Commonly in a salt form as tetracyclines, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline b) Sometimes combined with Sulfas c) Only used in aquaculture d) Used for GIT diseases and respiratory infections 92. Which of the following is not true regarding commonly used antimicrobials? a) Penicillins used as broad spectrum antibiotics and often added to food or water b) A commonly used Macrolide is tylosin and erythromycin c) Usually used to treat GIT diseases and respiratory infections d) A commonly used Sulfonamides are oral sulfamethazine and sulfachloropyridazine e) All of the above are true 93. Which of the following is not true regarding commonly used antimicrobials? a) Commonly used Aminoglycosides are gentamicin and neomycin b) Commonly used Streptogramins is virginiamycin c) Chloramphenicol is NOT approved for companion animal usage like horses d) Chloramphenicol is NOT approved for livestock usage 94. Which of the following is a research priority to help prolong usage of antimicrobials? a) Ban AGP b) Increase access to non medicated feed c) Develop new antimicrobials d) Alternative approaches like enhance health through genetic selection e) Two of the above 95. Prolonging Antimicrobial usage by not using the same antimicrobial every time is referred to as? a) Personalized antimicrobial therapy b) Antimicrobial cycling c) Monitoring antimicrobial dose d) Combined antimicrobial therapy 96. Usage of a banned antimicrobial falls under which of the following drivers of antimicrobial resistance ? a) Antimicrobial misuse b) Antimicrobial over use c) Other (heavy metals, biocides, nitrogen fertilizers) 97. Mr. Smith is a farmer that uses antimicrobials proactively to prevent disease in his poultry herd. Unknowingly Mr. Smith is contributing to which of the following drivers of antimicrobial resistance? a) Antimicrobial misuse b) Antimicrobial over use c) Other (heavy metals, biocides, nitrogen fertilizers) 98. How do antimicrobials impact our environment? a) Beneficial since reduce disease transmission b) No effect c) Negative since 30-90% of Ab residues end up in soil or water 99. Fish developing AMR is an example of which of the following consequences of antimicrobial usage? a) Consumer exposure to drug residues b) Environmental Contamination and impact on other species c) Development of AMR pathogens or commensal microbes Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

109.A study was conducted in which rodents were foot shocked every time a light turns on. Why might an amygdala become active when the light turns on even when the researchers stopped administering the shock? a) The amygdala learned that the light was followed by pain so it fires with the expectation of pain b) The amygdala only fires when pain is administered c) The rodents did not like the light d) All of the above 110.Which of the following is not true? a) The amygdalae activation correlates with self-reported feelings of stress b) Degree of activated covaries in people with how they say they feel c) The amygdalae is fully on or fully off d) Anxiety is associated with a more active amygdalae 111.Which of the following is not true regarding why might a sample using healthy people be biased when looking at the amygdalae? a) It wouldn’t, healthy people have the same size amygdala and response as anyone else b) Healthy people would have less amygdala response then those with clinical anxiety c) The amygdala size would likely be smaller in those without anxiety d) Greater amygdala responses to threat would be seen in those with anxiety 112.Which of the following is not true regarding 5-HT (serotonin)? a) When serotonin activity is decreased in the entire amygdala a consistent increase in anxiety like behavior is observed. b) When serotonin activity is increased in the entire amygdala a consistent increase in anxiety like behavior is observed. c) There is also amygdala involvement in anxiolytic action, many anxiolytic drugs (SSRIs) act on serotonin receptors to promote serotonin release 113.What can reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex lead to? a) Amygdala dysfunction b) PVN dysfunction c) Hypothalamic dysfunction d) Amygdala decrease 114.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common anxiolytic drug, what is another way to treat anxiety? a) Anxiety does not need treatment b) Talking about it wit friends c) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy d) Alcohol 115.Using CBT to decrease anxiety the following occurs… a) Decreased hippocampus size b) Decreased amygdala size c) Increased hippocampus size d) Increased amygdala size 116.Why should we treat anxiety? a) Avoid premature aging b) Avoid cardiovascular disease c) Improve welfare d) All of the above 117.What percentage of dogs suffer from some form of separation anxiety? a) 5% b) 30% Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

c) 20% d) 10% 118.Which of the following is not a risk of anxiety? a) Good Genetics b) Being inactive c) Being elderly d) Stressful rearing in infancy e) Recent/ current stress 119.Which if the following is false regarding perceived threat response? a) Limbic system activates HPA leading to increased release of cortisol b) Limbic system activates sympathetic arm of ANS leading to release of catecholamines c) SAM and HPA activate immune cells like macrophages to release more proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFa) to help prepare the body for any infection that might accompany an injury d) Ultimately leads to decreased inflammation 120.What does the question mark represent? a) Diseases of aging b) Death c) Anxiety d) Depression 121.Hyperactive amygdala can lead to which of the following? a) Heart attack b) Elevated inflammation c) More active bone marrows d) Poor welfare e) All of the above 122.Which of the following does the limbic system not control? a) Autonomic system b) HPA c) Immunological responses to stressors d) Prefrontal cortex 123.When cortisol is elevated the hippocampus regulates the HPA axis with what feedback? a) Negative b) Positive 124.How is hippocampal size changed? a) Increases in environmentally enriched animals Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946