BIOL3151LABEX9PreLabF2023

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Clemson University *

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3150

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 1 LABORATORY EXERCISE 9 Objective : To continue our investigation of the Cardiovascular system, we will now look at the anatomic structure responsible for generating the propulsive force involved with blood movement, the heart, which is basically a muscular pump with one-way valves. By completion of this lab exercise, students should be able to identify prominent gross anatomical structures of the heart as well as aspects of cardiac muscle at the microscopic level. We will conclude our investigation of the cardiovascular system by developing an understanding of vessel anatomy and examine the microscopic anatomy of blood vessels. In addition, students should be able to identify the major vessels of the systemic circulation circuit in the human as well as other specified special circulations denoted by models or posters. An often-overlooked organ system is the Lymphatic System which plays a vital role in maintaining fluid homeostasis in the human body as well as being involved with the immune response. Students will briefly learn about the Lymphatic System by investigating one of the main components of the lymphatic system, the lymph node. Pre-Laboratory Assignment (3 pts, total value) To be completed and submitted at the beginning of the laboratory period. Please begin by reading all the suggested readings listed in this laboratory exercise ( which are highlighted in yellow ) and viewing denoted FIGURES/TABLES ( which are highlighted in blue ), then answer the following questions. 1. Begin by reading 22.1, Overview of the Cardiovascular System , pp 646-648 to learn about the design of the cardiovascular system and then 22.2, Anatomy of the Heart , pp 648-656 to specifically investigate the heart. a. Describe anatomically where the heart is located in the human body and what structure encloses this hard-working organ. ( 0.15 pts ) The heart is located left of the body midline; posterior to the sternum. It is located in the mediastinum between the lungs. The pericardium encloses the organ. b. List the layers of the heart wall. ( see FIGURE 22.4, pp 649 ) ( 0.15 pts ) external epicardium ; middle myocardium; internal endocardium c. List the 4 internal chambers of the heart and state how their structural organization plays a role in continuous blood circulation. ( 0.4 pts ) right/left ventricle right/left atria The valves permit the passage of blood in one direction and prevents its backflow. d. What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum ? ( 0.1 pts ) Fixes the aorta in place and connects it to the pulmonary trunk. 2. We investigated cardiac muscle tissue in Chapter 4 when we discussed the primary tissue types found in the human body. Read 22.4a, Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue, pp 658 in your textbook to review cardiac muscle tissue. a. Where is cardiac muscle found in the heart and how are the cardiac muscle fibers organized. ( 0.1 pts ) It is found in the myocardium and are arranged in spiral bundles and wrapped around/between the heart chambers. b. Describe the function of the intercalated discs. ( 0.1 pts ) THIS LABORATORY EXERCISE REQUIRES LABORATORY COAT, GLOVES & DISSECTION KITS.

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 2 The electrically and mechanically link the cells together and permit the immediate passage of muscle impulses. 3. Begin learning about blood vessels by reading 23.1, Anatomy of Blood Vessels, pp 674. Utilizing the following list of vessel types, place each vessel type in the order it would be encountered as blood flow leaves the heart and then returns back to the heart . ( 0.1 pts ) CAPILLARIES , ARTERIOLES , VEINS , ARTERIES , VENULES  Arterioles   Arteries Capillaries HEART  veins  Venules  4. Blood vessels serve as conduits through which blood flows from the heart out to the organs/tissues of the body providing a means to provide nutrients as well as removing wastes. To further your understanding of blood vessels, answer the following questions: a. How are arteries different from veins? ( 0.1 pts ) Arteries carry blood away form the heart and oxygen rich and veins are deoxygenated blood to the heart. b. How are capillaries different from arteries & veins? ( 0.1 pts ) Capillaries function to connect arteries to veins c. What is the function of the elastic lamina? ( 0.1 pts ) Provides elasticity and prevent vascular wall from collapsing d. Valves are only observed in veins, why? What is their function? ( 0.2 pts ) It helps prevent the backflow of blood and prevent blood from pooling into limbs. Their function is to bring blood back into the heart. 5. Beginning on pp 687, read the section on Blood Flow through the Cranium . a. Which two pairs of arteries supply the brain? ( 0.05 pts ) internal carotid and vertebral arteries b. From what vessel do these arteries arise from? ( 0.05 pts ) Aorta d. What is the function of this arterial anastomosis, ie the cerebral arterial circle ? ( 0.1 pts ) It equalizes blood pressure in the brain and provides channels if a vessel becomes blocked

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 3 e. List the vessels involved in forming this structure. ( 0.1 pts ) posterior cerebral arteries; posterior communicating arteries; internal carotid arteries; anterior cerebral arteries and anterior communicating arteries e. Describe a dural venous sinus; define and state how formed. ( 0.05 pts ) Large veins formed between the two layers of dura mater. It contains no valves allow blood flow in more than just one direction. Large veins formed between the two layers of dura mater. It contains no valves allow blood flow in more than just one direction. 6. Read Hepatic Portal System, pp 694-695 and complete the following table describing the function of each vessel associated with this venous vascular network. ( 0.25 pts ) Hepatic Portal System Function hepatic portal vein It receives deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood inferior mesenteric vein It drains the distal part of the large intestine, receive blood form the superior rectal vein, sigmoid veins, and left colic veins. superior mesenteric vein it drains the small intestine and part of the large intestine. It receives the blood from the intestinal veins, pancreaticoduodenal veins; ileocolic vein, and right and middle colic veins. splenic vein It drains the spleen, receives from pancreatic veins, short gastric veins, and the right gastrointestinal vein. hepatic veins it is the pathway to how blood leaves the liver and merges with the inferior vena cava. 7. To begin learning about the lymphatic system, read 24.1 Functions of the Lymphatic System , pp 715. What are the two overall functions of this organ system? ( 0.2 pts ) It transports fluids and help body fight infection 8. A variety of lymphatic structures are also involved with the construction of the lymphatic system, read 24.4b, Lymphatic Organs, pp 725-731. Using the figure provided as a general lymphoid organ, identify the following structures. ( HINT: FIGURE 24.10, pp 728 may be helpful ) ( 0.6 pts ) a. capsule e. trabeculae i. germinal center b. medullary cord f. cortex j. lymphatic nodule c. hilum g. medullary sinus k. medulla d. efferent lymphatic vessel h. afferent lymphatic vessel

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 4 NAME: ________________________ LAB SECTION:________ DATE: __________ What type of lymphoid organ does this diagram represent? Capsule Trabeculae Efferent lymphatic vessel Afferent lymphatic vessel Cortical sinus Lymphatic node Germinal Center Medulla cord Medullary sinus Hilum

BIOL3151LABEX9PreLabF2023

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