HIVELISA_ReportTemplate

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Lab 11: AIDS Simutest MCB 151 Lab Notebook Assignment: AIDS Simutest (3 point) Format LNA must be typed. LNA should contain the headings listed below, with the appropriate questions/items numbered beneath each heading if indicated. The template provided for the lab has been utilized. (4 points) Purpose What were the main objectives of the lab experiment? Include the main concepts that were demonstrated, and indicate the importance of the concepts and techniques to cellular biology. The main objective of the lab experiment are to become familiar with the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the world, to understand the testing procedures to detect HIV using ELISA, and to interprite data and determine the rate of diagnosis. The importance of these concepts would be to allow students to have experience in AIDS testing and to understand what goes on in the lab when these tests are performed. This lab allows for students that do plan on going into a field of medical testing to have an important skill and allows them to understand what they are getting into. (10 points) Relevance Cite one article in an area of active biomedical research (newspaper, magazine, or web site) that discusses current HIV/AIDS findings and/or research. Provide a working link to the article and a brief (1/2 page) summary. Citation: https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-latest-research Summary: This article covers some of the latest research on HIV and AIDS, including studies on new medications and treatment strategies, advancements in HIV prevention, and progress towards a cure for the disease. Some of the key findings mentioned in the article include the development of a long- acting injectable medication for HIV prevention, the success of a gene editing technique in preventing HIV infection in animal models, and the discovery of a new strain of HIV. The article also discusses ongoing efforts to improve HIV testing and treatment in underserved communities, as well as the challenges of addressing the stigma and discrimination faced by people with HIV/AIDS. Overall, the article provides an overview of the current state of HIV/AIDS research and highlights some of the promising advances that are being made in the field. 186

Lab 11: AIDS Simutest MCB 151 (5 points) Procedure Include a detailed description of the process that was performed in the AIDS Simutest lab. Please note that it is not necessary to describe the dilution in teach well for all wells. Just describe the process once and then state that this was repeated using the same technique for all samples. Remember to use your own words. You should provide sufficient detail so someone could repeat the experiment exactly the way you did it. Do not re-write the procedure directly from the manual . Step 1: Take 6 drops of the first sample serum and insert into the first two wells of Row A of the microplate with a pipet. Repeat this for each serum for it’s correlating row, with a new pipet each time. Step 2: Skipping the first well, put 6 drops of distilled water into wells 2-7 in each of the rows. Step 3: Using the same pipet with each correlating row, and mix the second well’s contents by picking it up with the pipet and placing it back in the well. Then add 6 drops to the next well and repeat this all the way till well 8. Do this for each of the rows starting at well 2. Step 4: Wait 10 minutes so that HiV antigen binding can occur. Step 5: Add 2 drops of the conjugate to each of the wells 1-7 in rows A-h. Step 6: Wait 5 minutes so that the antibody can bind to the enzyme. Step 7: Finally, add 3 drops of chromagen for each well in each row. 187

Lab 11: AIDS Simutest MCB 151 (15 points) Data Presentation/Results Use (+) to represent a positive result and a (-) in indicate a negative. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A - - - - - - - - B - - - - - - - - C - - - - - - - - D + + + + + + + + E - - - - - - - - F + + + + + + + + G - - - - - - - - H - - - - - - - - (38 points) Conclusions 1. (4 points) Define the following terms: AIDS, HIV, ELISA, Opportunistic Infection AIDS is a condition caused by HIV that weakens the immune system and makes the infected person more susceptible to infections and diseases. ELISA is a laboratory test that is used to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. Opportunistic infections are infections caused by microorganisms that usually do not cause disease in healthy individuals but occur when the immune system is weakened, such as in people with HIV/AIDS. HIV weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections. 2. (6 points) What does the body’s immune system produce in response to viral infections? How is this used in the AIDS test? 188

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Lab 11: AIDS Simutest MCB 151 The immune system produces antibodies in response to viral infections, which can be detected in the blood using the AIDS test, also known as the HIV test. The ELISA test, which is the most commonly used screening test for HIV, works by detecting the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. The test uses an enzyme-linked antibody to detect the binding of HIV antibodies to HIV antigens, producing a signal that confirms the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. Therefore, the HIV test relies on the body's immune response to HIV infection, as it detects the antibodies that are produced in response to the virus. 3. (2 points) What is the incubation period for HIV to become AIDS? The incubation period for HIV to progress to AIDS can vary widely and depends on various factors, including age, overall health, and timely treatment. Typically, it takes an average of 10 years for untreated HIV infection to progress to AIDS, but some people may develop AIDS sooner or remain asymptomatic for many years. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) can significantly slow or even halt the progression from HIV to AIDS, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve health outcomes and prevent the spread of HIV to others. 4. (6 points) What are the characteristic ways that a person would contract the AIDS virus? The primary modes of transmission for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, include unprotected sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes, transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, and receiving infected blood products. HIV is not transmitted through casual contact, such as hugging or sharing household items, or through insect bites. The most effective ways to prevent HIV transmission include practicing safe sex, using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication for those at high risk, avoiding sharing needles or injection equipment, and undergoing regular HIV testing. 5. (5 points) Statistically speaking, what region of the US has the highest rate of HIV diagnosis? Speculate a reason the federal government would want to know this data. 189

Lab 11: AIDS Simutest MCB 151 The Southern region of the United States has the highest rate of HIV diagnoses, accounting for 52% of all new cases in 2019 despite having only 38% of the population. The federal government would be interested in this data to allocate resources and target interventions to the areas most affected by the epidemic. By identifying regions with high rates of HIV diagnoses, the government can prioritize funding for prevention and treatment programs, develop targeted strategies to address social and structural factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, and implement policies that support access to healthcare and reduce stigma. 6. (6 points) Name one opportunistic infection that is associated with AIDS and explain what it is. One opportunistic infection that is associated with AIDS is Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP is a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which commonly infects people with weakened immune systems, including people with untreated or poorly managed HIV infection. PCP can cause fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing, and it can be life-threatening for people with advanced HIV infection. PCP can be prevented with prophylactic treatment and effectively treated with antibiotics and antifungal medications. The risk of developing PCP can be reduced by maintaining good adherence to HIV treatment and taking preventive measures, such as avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and minimizing exposure to people with respiratory infections. 7. (3 points) Based on your data from the experiment, who tested positive for HIV? Based on the data, the wells in Rows D and F changed color completely indicating that the two patients that tested positive for HIV were Ron K. and Jim C. 8. (6 points) Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is currently recommended for all people living with HIV. Why is HIV treatment so important? When should a patient with HIV begin treatment? Are there any side effects of ART? HIV treatment, or antiretroviral therapy (ART), is crucial for suppressing the virus and preventing it from replicating in the 190

Lab 11: AIDS Simutest MCB 151 body, allowing people with HIV to live longer and healthier lives while reducing the risk of transmitting the virus to others. The current guidelines recommend that all people with HIV begin treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis, regardless of their CD4 count or viral load, to preserve the immune system and reduce the risk of developing AIDS-related complications. ART can have side effects, but most people tolerate it well, and serious side effects are relatively rare and can often be managed with medication adjustments or lifestyle changes. It's important for people with HIV to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their treatment and manage any side effects that may arise. 191

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