BIOS256 Lab Week 5

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Chamberlain University College of Nursing *

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez OL Lab 5: Fluid balance, acid base balance and water balance Learning Objectives: Identify the functions and the location of the major fluid compartments of the body Explain the regulation of water balance in order to maintain homeostasis Identify the proportions of electrolytes found in the plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid compartments of the body and state their functions. Describe the major electrolytes in the body, and state their role in electrolyte balance. Identify the different pH ranges in the body and understand the compensatory mechanism involved to maintain acid-base balance. Part 1: 1.1 Complete the chart to locate major fluid compartments of the body and state their functions. (3 points)
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez 1.2 Identify the physiological stimulus and responses that regulate water balance in the body. (5 points) Compartments Function A Solids In females, 45% of total body mass is solid while 55% is fluid. In males, 40% of the total body mass is solid while 60%is fluid. These help the body to digest food. B Intracellular Fluid An internal fluid found within each cell. This accounts for around two-thirds of body fluids. Approximately 67% of body fluids are mostly found within cells. It enables the flow of nutrients, gases, and waste products. C Interstitial Fluid This fluid is responsible for bathing the cells in the body. Approximately 80% of the extracellular volume of the body is composed of this material. D Extracellular fluid This is the remaining body fluid. It makes up about a third of the total volume of the body. This allows for chemical exchange. There are two primary types of fluid: blood plasma and interstitial fluid. E Blood plasma This structure is located in the blood vessel lumen. The fluid in question is transparent and yellow, composed of organic and inorganic molecules. Approximately 20% of the total extracellular fluid contains this structure. This helps in the transport of nutrients, hormones and proteins to their proper places in the body.
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez - A: Dehydration is a condition in which water loss exceeds water gain. Deficiency water accumulates due to a variety of factors, such as excessive sweating, diarrhea, electrolyte deficiencies, vomiting and skin burns, which all contribute to water loss. Poor hydration results in a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in osmolality and a decrease in salivary circulation. - B: The process of dehydration can be determined by the reduction of blood volume and blood pressure. The initiation of the pathway is initiated by the decrease of blood pressure and blood volume. - C: Osmotic changes in blood are associated with dehydration. Osmotic changes in interstitial fluid are often analogous to those seen in intracellular fluids. Changes in osmosis result in changes in sodium ion concentrations. When intracellular osmosis increases, water is drawn into the cell, thereby promoting cell growth. Conversely, when interstitial osmosis rises, water is drawn out of the cell, thus reducing cell size. - D: The lack of salivary secretion can be attributed to dehydration. Sensory receptors in the mouth and throat sense the presence of dryness.
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez - E: The increased activity of hypothalamic thirst centers leads to increased neural impulses from hypothalamic nerve centers, resulting in the conscious awareness of thirst. - F: The mechanism of water consumption is determined by the physiological response to thirst. This response leads to an increase in fluid intake, which in turn leads to an improvement in hydration levels and a decrease in dehydration. Homeostatic factors play a role in this process, as they influence the amount and severity of dehydration. 1.3 Identify the fluid compartments and the major electrolytes in the body to complete the chart. (5 points) - A: The presence of sodium ions, referred to as Na+, within the system can be explained by the activity of a sodium potassium pump in extracellular fluids. Approximately 90% of extracellular cations are thought to be Na+. - B: The extracellular fluid contains bicarbonate ions which are referred to as HCO3- ions. This paper provides an overview of the second-most-extracellular anion (HCO3-),
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez which is present in higher concentrations in interstitial fluid and in blood plasma. Additionally, a significant amount of HCO3- is present in cellular structures. - C: Sodium and chloride ions are higher in interstitial fluid. Bicarbonate and potassium ions are lower. Calcium and sulfate ions are higher. Hydrogen phosphate ions are lower. The fluid we’re talking about has a protein anion deficiency. - D: Sodium ions, also known as Na+, have a positive charge. Na+ makes up about 90% of all the cations in your body's extracellular fluid. You can see Na+ in your body's fluid because of the sodium and potassium pump. - E: There's a lot of bicarbonate ion in the fluid in your body. The next most common anion in your body is bicarbonate, and it's found in a lot of different places, like your blood and interstitial fluid. Your cells also have a lot of it. - F: Sodium ions (Na+) are present in the context. The sodium potassium pump is responsible for Na+ being present in the fluid. About 90% of the cations in extracellular space are Na+. - G: Extracellular fluid contains bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions, which are classified as an anion. HCO3- is the second-most abundant anion in extracellular plasma and interstitial fluid, and is present in high concentrations in blood plasma. Additionally, a significant amount of this anion is present in cellular structures.
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez 1.4 Use the chart provided to complete the table below: (4 points) pH range Biological significance of the pH A Stomach 1.2 Acidic B Vaginal fluid 3.5 Acidic C Uterus 6.3 Acidic D Saliva 6.6 Acidic E Blood 7.4 Neutral F Semen 7.6 Neutral G Pancreatic Juice 7.8 Neutral H Bile 8.0 Neutral
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez 1.5 Identify the changes in the pH and the H + , HCO3 - and CO 2 concentrations to complete the table below: (5 points) ( * ) Indicate as increases or decreases a. In respiratory acidosis, what is the stimulus to initiate the respiratory compensation? Respiratory compensation occurs in respiratory acidosis due to changes in pH levels. This occurs when the blood pH decreases, resulting in a decrease in the numerical value of the pH and an increase in acidity. H + * HCO 3 - * CO 2 * A Increases Increases Increases B Decreases Decreases Decreases C Increases Increases Increases
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez b. What are the effectors involved in the compensation during respiratory acidosis? Respiratory muscles play a role in the compensatory mechanisms of respiratory acidosis. These muscles contract and relax at higher rates, leading to an increase in both the rate and intensity of breathing. Part 2: Read the case study and answer the questions in your own words and complete sentences: (8 points) Sam, a 70-year-old man with chronic renal failure, was in for a routine visit at the hospital. Progressive destruction of nephrons leads to chronic renal failure. Sam’s blood work indicated low blood pH taken and potassium levels were outside of the normal range. Sam’s estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 15 mL/min with a high respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute. 1. What is the normal range for blood potassium concentration? The average blood potassium concentration ranges from 3.6 mg/L to 5.2 mg/L. 2. From which part of the nephron is the majority of excess potassium normally excreted? The main job of the cells that make up the main part of the collecting duct is to get rid of any extra potassium in the nephron. 3. Based on your observations, will Sam’s potassium levels be high, normal, or low? Sam has elevated potassium levels. 4. What are the pH buffers found in the urine? Bicarbonates and phosphates act as pH stabilizers in your urine. 5. How are H + ions transported into the tubular fluid of the kidney? Direct secretion enables hydrogen ions to be transported to the tubular fluid of the kidney. Ionized hydrogen is identified when carbon dioxide molecules are broken down, resulting in the formation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide-containing ions. 6. In what form are H + ions excreted in the urine? The urine contains hydrogen ions, which are made up of ammonium nitrate (NH3), hydrogen phosphate (D2PO4), and hydrogen chloride (H2Cl). 7. Why could be the reason for Sam’s low pH? Sam's low pH could be a sign of metabolic acidosis. This is a common issue for people with kidney failure.
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez 8. Why would Sam have an increase in respiratory rate? How does the increase in respiratory rate help? It is likely that Sam will experience an increase in respiration rate due to the need to remove CO2 from the body to reduce CO2 concentration. The human body utilizes rapid respiration as an expulsion mechanism. Compensation is a corollary of this phenomenon. Grading Rubric:   Activity   Deliverable   Points   Part 1 Complete 1.1 to 1.5 22 Part 2 Case Study-  Answer all the questions 8 Total   Complete all lab activities   30
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