Lecture HW 3 Skeleton Form and Function

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MiraCosta College *

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210

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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2

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Bio 210 - Lecture HW 3 (5 Points) Name: 1. Define terms used to classify bones: long, short, irregular, sutural (Wormian), sesamoid, and pneumatized. What is the difference between a sesamoid bone and sutural (Wormian) bone? - Sutural bones, also known as Wormian bones, are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull. Sesamoid bones develop within some tendons, mainly in the hands and feet. 2. Know the gross anatomy of long bones, define: epiphyses, medullary cavity, diaphysis, periosteum, endosteum, epiphyseal line, perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers. Epiphyses: Medullary Cavity: filled with bone marrow Diaphysis: shaft Periosteum: Covers bone not articular cartliage Endosteum: Lines medullary cavity Epiphyseal line: seen when you stop growing. Perforating Fibers: 3. How does the periosteum, tendons, and ligaments attach to bone? Thin white lines perforating fibers/ sharpey’s fibers What bones make up the axial vs. appendicular skeleton? Where are the os coxae and sacrum (axial or appendicular skeleton)? Bones that make up the axial are skull, sternum, ribs Bones that make up the appendicular are the pectoral and pelvic girdles, scapula, clavicle, os coxae 4. What is a fontanelle (or fontanel)? What are the four types and where are they located on an infant’s skull? What are the functions of fontanelles? What is a paranasal sinus and what are its functions? They are air-filled sinuses that decrease weight of the skull w/out weakening the skull. Where are the four located in the head? Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary Unossified membranous areas of the skull thru the birth canal and quick brain growth Anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, mastoid 5. Know all the parts of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx). What are the functions of the vertebral column? What are the 4 adult curves of the vertebral column? Support head and protect spinal cord, attachment for ribs/ muscles 6. Define the exaggerated curvatures of the spine: scoliosis, hunchback or kyphosis, lordosis or swayback. Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature, Hunchback: exaggerated thoracic curvature in elderly woman, Lordosis: bent backward disease What are the causes, symptoms, locations, treatments for the exaggerated curvatures as discussed in lecture? Diseases, poor posture, unequal pull of muscles on spine, congenital which is present at birth. 7. Describe the following bone diseases: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Lyme disease. How are these diseases treated? What is osteoporosis, how does it affect spongy and compact
bone? What are some treatments? How does vitamin D affect bone development? What is rickets and its symptoms? How is it prevented? Osteoarthritis: chronic degeneration disorder of bone/joints Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease Lyme disease: bacterium leading to joint pain and arthritis Osteoporosis: Deterioration of bone in elderly and estrogen deficiency Treatments: calcium and vit D supplements
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