BIO 2051 Practice Questions for chapter 1 and 2-explained

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BIO 2051 Practice Questions for chapter 1 and 2 Questions for chapter 1 and 2 Chapter 1 Microbial World Questions 1) Regarding early life on Earth, A) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life. B) microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. C) microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time. D) it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared. 2) The person who described the "wee animalcules" was A) Robert Hooke. B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. C) Louis Pasteur. D) Ferdinand Cohn. 3) Microbial sterilization is used to A) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. C) kill all microbes in or on objects. D) clean a work area. 4) Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur?

A) Determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation B) Developed enrichment culture techniques C) Developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask D) Developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals Chapter 2 questions 5) Transport proteins located in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary when A) diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell. B) movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient. C) the level of nutrients in nature is very low. D) nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, transport is needed against the concentration gradient, or diffusion is not possible. 6) You are given an electron micrograph of a bacterial cell. In the micrograph, you can clearly see three thin layers of different densities surrounding the cell. Based on the micrograph, you can infer that this cell is ________ and would appear ________ after application of the Gram stain procedure. A) gram-positive / purple B) gram-negative / pink C) gram-positive / pink D) gram-negative / purple 7) The Golgi complex functions to ______ (choose the best answer) A) modify and secrete proteins to the external environment. B) sort proteins used within the cell.

C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures. D) synthesize proteins. 8) Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella enterica , Shigella dysentery , and Escherichia coli are due to the presence of A) pseudomurein. B) S-layers. C) lipopolysaccharides D) peptidoglycan. Answers for chapter 1 and 2 Chapter 1 answers 1 A - microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life. Option B is wrong, because plant and animal life arose in a similar time frame (considered “Eukaryotic” life) , option C is wrong, because clearly, microbial life appeared way before than plant and animal life. And D is wrong because there are tools in existence (radioisotope dating) and others that allow to find out when life arose. 2 B- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Observed first microscopic life forms ( called them animacules). He even looked at his own poop and observed and described Giardia lamblia () Giardia was initially described by van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 as he was examining his own diarrheal stools under the microscope (66). The organism was described in greater detail by Lambl in 1859, hence the name. Details here 66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88984/#:~:text=Giardia%20was%20initially%20described%20by,it %20Cercomonas%20intestinalis%20(172) . 3- C kill all microbes in or on objects. Sterilization can be achieved by physical or chemical means (read more about it in another chapter) 4 -B) Developed enrichment culture techniques. Enrichment technique was developed by Beijerinck (listen to the zoom recording of one of the parts of the chapter 1 for this). Beijerinck together with Winogradski are considered to be “founding fathers” of microbial ecology - a science that studies inter-microbial interactions in the environmental context

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Chapter 2 answers 5) D - nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, transport is needed against the concentration gradient, or diffusion is not possible. Do not get confused by these types of questions, they are literally “all of the above” questions. So in this case this is the most inclusive answer and it is the correct one. 6) B - gram-negative / pink. THe gram negatives have two cytoplasmic membranes, and a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched in between. Thus, three layers total! And remember, they are stained pink by Gram stain (because alcohol applied as a part of staining decolorizes the cell wall, which is stained again by a counterstain safranin). This type of double-blank questions might be confusing to some students, just make sure to double-check your answer (answer it and flag it, then go back and re-read your answer LATER). 7) C - both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures. Be careful. This question might be a bit confusing for some people. You might be stuck between the choices A, B and C. Make sure you choose “THE BEST” answer which is answer C, which is a complete description of Golgi apparatus function, and is a combination of A and B. Answer D is totally wrong, since protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes, and NOT in Golgi. Be prepared to have a 5th option as well. 8) - C-lipopolysaccharides. THere are TWO logical “leaps” this question wants you to make: 1) Recognize that all bacteria listed are gram negatives (you SHOULD be able to recognize Escherichia FOR SURE, and KNOW that it is a gram negative, from the info we covered in class plus from your micro lab, where it is usually abbreviated as E.coli), and 2) FInd ONE UNIQUE thing that those gram negative have(something that GRAM POSITIVES DO NOT HAVE) . If you make those two leaps, you will arrive at the correct answer: this something is LPS (lipopolysaccharide). LPS is toxic for our bodies (us, eukaryotes) and is called “endotoxin”. It is released as gram negatives DIE. (we have talked about it). All other answer options (like peptidoglycan, pseudomurein, S-layers are either NOT PRESENT in bacteria at al (like pseudomurein, which present only in Archaea) or peptidoglycan , or are present in almost ALL BACTERIA (both gram positive and gram negative), like peptidoglycan, hence ARE NOT correct options.

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