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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Questions Answers Name Institution Course Professor Date

2 1. Transcription is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from DNA. One thing that is the same in the process of making mRNA is that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use an RNA polymerase to catalyze the synthesis of RNA. 2. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell. whereas prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Furthermore, RNA polymerases in prokaryotes are a complex of five polypeptides, whereas they are a complex of 10-15 polypeptides in eukaryotes. 3. Translation is the process by which proteins are produced from the translation of the mRNA transcripts. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use mRNA to synthesize proteins with ribosomes. Additionally, all of the essential amino acids are found in both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation processes. 4. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and occurs at the same time as translation, whereas eukaryotic translation occurs in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum at a different time than transcription. Additionally, the initiation of translation in prokaryotes occurs on 70s ribosomes, while in eukaryotes occurs on 80s ribosomes. 5. A. the three nucleotides in the coding strand of the DNA will be CAA. This is because the genetic code is complementary, thus adenine(A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (T). As a result, the codon GUU on the m RNA becomes contemporary to the codon CAA on the DNA. b. The impact of this mutation on the bacterial cell's functionality will be determined by the specific amino acid encoded by the GCU codon. The GCU codon and the GUU codon both encode for the amino acid valine, then the mutation will not have any adverse effects. However, if the GCU codon

3 encodes a distinct amino acid, the mutation may provide a potential issue. This is due to the potential malfunctioning of the protein when its amino acid sequence is altered. c. Yes, my answer is different if this were a human skin cell. Diploid cells seen in humans have two sets of each chromosome. Even if a mutation occurs on one copy of a chromosome's allele, the other copy could be able to create a protein that serves its intended purpose. A genotype of this kind is described as heterozygous. However, the cell will be unable to create a functioning protein if the mutation occurs on both alleles of the chromosome. A homozygous genotype describes this condition. Therefore, if a human skin cell has a mutation in one allele of the gene that codes for this protein, the other allele may still be able to create a functioning protein. However, the cell will not be able to create a functioning protein and the individual may get an illness if the mutation occurs on both alleles of the gene. It is vital to remember that the protein in question will determine how severely you're afflicted by the sickness. The effects of mutations might range from hardly noticeable to lethal. 1. The DNA sequence GGGAAATCTCACTTACATTAG would code for the following amino acids in the protein: Glycine, Asparagine, Serine, Leucine, Histidine, Tyrosine as follows: a. Glycine b. Lysine c. Serine d. Leucine e. Arginine

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4 The sequence is read in sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, and each codon corresponds to a certain amino acid according to the genetic code.

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