05B HOMEWORK NERVOUS SYSTEM

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05B HOMEWORK NERVOUS SYSTEM 44. White Matter: White matter is white because it contains myelinated nerve fibers, which are coated with a white, fatty substance called myelin. 45. Gray Matter: Gray matter is gray due to the presence of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin. 46. White Matter Composition: White matter is made up of myelinated axons. 47. Gray Matter Composition: Gray matter consists of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. 48. Gray and White Matter in CNS: In the brain, gray matter is typically found on the surface (cortex) and in nuclei inside the brain, while white matter is found beneath the cortex. In the spinal cord, gray matter is located in the center, surrounded by white matter. 49. Synapses in CNS: Synapses are found in the gray matter of the CNS. 50. Islands of Gray Matter in Brain's White Matter: These are called basal ganglia or basal nuclei. 51. Cerebral Cortex: The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness. 52. Cerebral Cortex Structures: It's made up of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. 53. Convolutions of Human Cerebrum: The convolutions increase the surface area, allowing for a greater number of neurons, enhancing the brain's ability to process information. 54. Function of a Brain Relay Station: Relay stations in the brain, like the thalamus, process and direct information to appropriate areas of the brain. 55. Relay Stations Matter Type: Relay stations are gray matter.
56. Difference Between Sulcus and Gyrus: A sulcus is a groove or depression on the brain's surface, while a gyrus is a raised ridge between sulci. 57. Cerebrum Part with Myelinated Nerve Tracts: White matter. 58. White Columns of Spinal Cord: Composed of myelinated nerve tracts. 59. Shape of Spinal Cord's Gray Matter: It is shaped like a butterfly or an "H" in cross-section. 60. Ascending and Descending Tracts in Spinal Cord: a. They are pathways that carry sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) information. b. Located in the spinal cord's white matter. c. Ascending tracts transmit sensory information to the brain, while descending tracts convey motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord. 61. Motor Neuron: A neuron that transmits impulses from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. 62. Sensory Neuron: A neuron that carries sensory information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. 63. Dorsal Root of Spinal Nerve: a. Composed of sensory nerve fibers. b. Carries sensory information to the spinal cord. 64. Dorsal Root Ganglia: a. Composed of cell bodies of sensory neurons. b. Located near the spinal cord. c. There is one for each spinal nerve. 65. Ventral Root Composition: Composed of motor nerve fibers. 66. Spinal Reflex Pathway: Impulse travels from a sensory receptor to a sensory neuron, to the spinal cord, synapses with an interneuron, then to a motor neuron, and finally to a muscle or gland. 67. White Matter of Occipital Lobe Function: Processes and relays visual information from the eyes. 68. Cortex of Occipital Lobe Function: Primary visual processing.
69. Connection Between Cerebral Hemispheres: Corpus callosum. 70. Cerebral Lobe Functions: a. Memory: Temporal lobe. b. Visual input: Occipital lobe. c. Skeletal muscle contraction: Frontal lobe. d. Personality: Frontal lobe. e. Skin sensations: Parietal lobe. 71. Crossing-Over of Impulses: It refers to the fact that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa, due to the crossing of nerve fibers in the CNS. 72. Precentral Gyrus: a. The primary motor cortex. b. Located in the frontal lobe of the brain. c. Cell bodies in the precentral gyrus control voluntary movements of specific body parts. 73. Function of Parietal Lobe's Anterior Gyrus Cortex: Processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. 74. Location of Lateral Ventricles: Inside the cerebral hemispheres. 75. Interior Spaces of the Brain: a. Called ventricles. b. Lined by ependymal cells. c. Function of lining: Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms a barrier between the brain tissue and CSF. 76. CSF Production: Produced by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles. 77. CSF Derivation: Derived from blood plasma. 78. Meninges: Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. 79. Meninge in Close Contact: Pia mater. 80. Subarachnoid Space: The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with CSF. 81. Function of CSF: Cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and provides a stable chemical environment. 82. Location of Arachnoid Villi: In the arachnoid mater, over the brain. 83. Function of Arachnoid Villi: Absorb CSF into the venous blood system.
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84. CSF to Subarachnoid Space: CSF circulates from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. 85. Locations of CSF: Found in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, central canal of the spinal cord, and between the meninges.

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