A&P II - Test IV

1§ A&P 1l PRACTICE TEST 4 URINARY SYSTEM, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ELECTROLYTES URINARY SYSTEM 1. Name the three functions of the urinary system: 1) 2) 3) 2. In urine formation, the body needs to concentrate wastes and produce a -tonic urine. 3. Glomerular filtration is movement of fluid out of the and into the At this point the fluid is called 4. During reabsorption there is movement of the substance out of the nephron and into the 5. At this point, what is reabsorbed by active transport from the proximal tubule? 6. Name three things that move in and out of the distal tubule before the urine enters the collecting duct. 7. Under what circumstances can the glomerular filtration rate not compensate for changes in blood pressure? 8. What is the average GFR of an adult with both kidneys functioning? 9. Every drop of plasma travels through the kidneys approximately times per day. 10. The proximal tubule is made of what type of epithelial tissue? 11. In the proximal tubule, the volume of the filtrate is Q decreased by 3. 12. The descending limb is made of epithelium and the thin segment is made of epithelium.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 12 In the descending limb, and diffuse in and leaves. The concentration of the filtrate is greatly increased. The ascending limb is composed of epithelium and is permeable/impermeable (circle correct one) to water. Explain the countercurrent mechanism: Where does fine-tuning of the filtrate occur? What effect does higher ADH concentration have on water permeability? Explain the mechanism by which desert rats can live on sea water. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. What walnut sized structure does the urethra pass through? This structure produces a thin, milky fluid of alkaline pH. Sperm cells are formed in the and are then stored in the for final maturation. What duct passes through the inguinal canal and travels up over the bladder? What three things does the spermatic cord contain? What structures secrete an alkaline fluid high in fructose that makes up 60% of semen? Why does semen need to be alkaline? Name the spongy cylinder that the urethra enters after it comes out of the prostate. This comes out and forms part of the penis. What are the three cylindrical columns of tissue that make up the penis?

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44 . At what time do the primary oocytes begin meiosis? What happens at puberty? What happens if there is fertilization of the secondary oocyte? What is the fate of the polar bodies? How many viable gametes are formed from one primary oocyte? What is formed when the chromosomes of the pronucleus of the sperm fuse with the chromosomes of the ocotid? Why does the incidence of chromosomal defects increase with maternal age? What hormones are involved in oogenesis and what is their function? What is the corpus albicans? If fertilization occurs and the corpus luteum breaks down prematurely, what are the consequences?

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. What causes postpartum depression (also called "baby blues")? Describe the following terms about the menstrual cycle: a) endometrium: b} menstrual phase: discuss hormone levels c) follicular phase: discuss hormone levels d) ovulation: e) luteal phase: Where does fertilization usually occur (be specific)? The oocyte is surrounded by the which is a thick layer with lots of hyaluronic acid. Outside this layer there is a layer of cells called What happens at the instant the sperm penetrates the membrane of the egg that ensures no other sperm can enter? Describe the proposed mechanism. Define the term morula: Describe and draw the blastocyst, what is the trophectoderm?

6l. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. |7 List as many intracellular ions and tell if we have a low or high concentration: What controls the intake of water? How do we lose water? What is the major regulator of water? What two hormones control sodium and potassium ion levels? What two hormones regulate calcium ion levels? What is the normal pH range? If the level drops below this range what do we call this lethal condition? Define acid: Define base: Write the equation for cellular respiration: Do you see how the product of this reaction will decrease pH? What is the product of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids?

18 72. List and describe the three methods of pH control: 1) 3) Hints for Exam 4: Be sure you know urine formation in detail! Draw out pictures of the cells during spermatogenesis and oogenesis and write what occurs at each stage. Make flashcards of all hormones discussed in these sections and write their involvement/function on the back side. (ap2testd)

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Testes, epididymis Vas deferens (ductus deferens) Vas deferens, nerves, & blood vessels Seminal vesicles To neutralize the vaginal fluid for the protection of sperm cells Corpus spongiosum Corpus cavernosum (2) & corpus spongiosum (1) During sexual arousal, the artery dilates, increased blood flow into the penis, tissue begins to swell. Veins of penis are superficial, the more the penis swells, the veins are compressed, this results in an erection. Cowper's gland, fluid cleanses urethra, lubricates tip of penis Seminiferous tubules Spermatogonia, Sertoli's cells (nurse cells) Interstitial cells of Leydig ICSH, testosterone, FSH, See your notes for their function Primary spermatocytes-2H spermatogonia -2H Spermatids -1H spermatozoa -1H Secondary spermatocytes- 1H Hyaluronic acid cements cells together, hyaluronidase is the enzyme that breaks down the outer barrier of the ovum They kick out spermatids into lumen of tubule. They surround the spermatogonia and protect them from Tc cells. Prior to birth (arrested in late Prophase I) at puberty, FSH level increases and Meiosis I is finished, occurs monthly Rapid Meiosis II gives rise to ootid and second polar bodies First polar body may divide but all polar bodies disintegrate and are reabsorbed, no function one Zygote

41. 42. 43. 44 . 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. Older spindle fibers, they may break down and not separate a chromosome pair FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone See notes & text for functions If the oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans. Spontaneous abortion Serious drop in progesterone and estrogen See your notes and text Usually upper (proximal) 1/3 of the fallopian tube Zona pellucida, corona radiata The membrane becomes completely impermeable to any other sperm cells. The mechanism you need to know concerns the protein receptors on the surface of the egg cell. SEE YOUR NOTES! A solid ball of cells, reaches uterus 3-4 days after fertilization. Coating mass of is the trophectoderm, hollow cavity, and an inner cells. SEE YOUR NOTES FOR A DRAWING! Cells secrete proteolytic enzymes So it can absorb nutrients Embryonic period, fetal period Important in birds and reptiles, an enlargement of primitive gut, blood vessels help to absorb nutrients before placenta forms Thin, tough, transparent membrane eventually completely surrounds the embryo HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) the chorion secretes this hormone Allantois 45-75%, depends on adipose tissue, the leaner you are, the more water you're made of ECF's: plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF, also serous fluids, fluid peritoneal & pleural fluids, humors, and synovial