jupiter

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Kent State University *

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Astronomy

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Oct 30, 2023

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The Jovian Planets, The Jovian Planets, Part I Part I Jupiter
JUPITER JUPITER The God Of Thunder and Sky The God Of Thunder and Sky
Physical Data Physical Data Diameter: 71,400 km (11.19 D earth ) Mass: 1.899x10 30 g (317.9 M earth ) Density: 1.33 g/cm 3 Rotation Period: 9.92 hours (radio) Tilt of Axis: 3 o Surface Temperature: 130 K
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Physical Data Physical Data Orbital Semi-Major Axis: 5.203 AU Orbital Period: 11.86 years Orbital Inclination: 1.3 o Orbital Eccentricity: 0.048 Surface Gravity: 2.53 Earth gravity Satellites: 63 as of 2011 Magnetic Field: 19,000 times greater than Earth’s
Jupiter’s Interior Jupiter’s Interior METALLIC HYDROGEN IRON SILICATE CORE ATMOSPHERE LIQUID MOLECULAR HYDROGEN
Jupiter’s Atmosphere Jupiter’s Atmosphere 90% Hydrogen 10% Helium Small amounts of: Methane Ammonia Ethane Water
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Jupiter’s Atmosphere Jupiter’s Atmosphere Clouds composed of: Ammonia Ammonia Hydrosulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Water Vapor The Surface Temp. is 150 K (-190 o F).
Jupiter’s Atmosphere Jupiter’s Atmosphere Usually brown or red Low-pressure regions of sinking gas Lower than zones ZONES: Usually yellow-white High-pressure regions of rising gas Higher than belts JET STREAMS blow at the boundaries L H H H L L L BELTS:
Jupiter’s Atmosphere Jupiter’s Atmosphere Huge anti-cyclone (goes counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere) Circulation Period: 6 days Known for 300 years It is 14,000 km wide and 40,000 km (three Earth diameters!) long The Great Red Spot
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Jupiter’s Atmosphere Jupiter’s Atmosphere Hot Surface Temperature: The temperature at Jupiter’s surface (cloud tops) is about 130 K Calculations say it should be 107 K Discrepancy because Jupiter’s interior radiates 2.5x as much heat as it receives from the Sun Jupiter is still slowly contracting
Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Strongest magnetic field in the solar system Tilted 15 o from the axis of rotation Highly flattened due to rapid rotation Distorted The moon Io, revolves in the magnetosphere, and matter from it accumulates in a torus
Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Matter in the Io torus stimulates the emission of radio bursts This radiation called decametric radiation Decametric bursts can be short (S-bursts) or long (L-bursts) L-burst S-Burst S-Burst (slowed down)
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Jupiter’s Rotation Periods Jupiter’s Rotation Periods Jupiter is a differential rotator This means not all parts of Jupiter’s surface rotate at the same rate Equatorial rotation rate (System I) = 9 h 50 m 30.003 s Polar rotation rate (System II) = 9 h 55 m 40.632 s
Jupiter’s Rotation Periods Jupiter’s Rotation Periods The most widely used rotation period is System III This is the rate at which the interior rotates as observed through the radio emissions Radio rotation rate (System III) = 9 h 55 m 30.003 s
Jupiter’s Rings Jupiter’s Rings Found by Voyager I fly-by Main ring extends from 1.72-1.81 Jupiter radii from center of planet Brightest part is about 6,000 km wide
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Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons At least 16 The four largest were discovered by Galileo and are now referred to as the “Galilean Satellites”: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto “ I E at G reen C entipedes”: How to remember their order and relative density (i.e. Io is closest and most dense)
Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons IO EUROPA GANYMEDE CALLISTO size of our Moon size of Mercury
Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons IO EUROPA GANYMEDE CALLISTO active sulfur crust molten silicate dense core ice/rock crust rocky interior dense core subsurface oceans? ice/rock crust water/ice mantle rocky or muddy core thick ice/rock crust rocky or muddy core
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Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons IO Densest Galilean moon Most volcanically active body in the Solar System Fresh surface, no impact craters Inside Jupiter’s magnetosphere: decametric emission
Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons Europa Very little surface relief Smoothest body in the Solar System Cracked ice surface features
Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons Ganymede Largest moon in the Solar System Surface is “Moon- like”, i.e. cratered and has maria Made of 50% water Little surface relief
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Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter’s Moons Callisto Perhaps the most heavily cratered body in the Solar System Lowest density of all the Galilean satellites (more than 50% water ice) Little surface relief
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