Exploring the Pristine Civilization of Ancient Andeans

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²n what ways and why were the struJLGctures at ±havín de ³uántar JLGconstruJLGcted to JLGcreate altered states of reality? 1stĊmÄÄÄtëëççç Ċmëë to 'ompĠëëtëë ććĊs _ëësson ÄÄÄnççç \]nowĠëëçççāāëë 'ććëëáááĝ: 90 eĊnutëës ±liJLGck ³ere to ;=8View the !%'earning 572Targets for 572This !%'esson

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ±mong the Pyramids 572The date is 2600 ´±µ. You stand in a sandy desert shading your eyes with your hand and stare up at a towering pyramid faJLGced with JLGcut stone. ')$earIKFby is a river that has IKFbeen harnessed for the irrigation of JLGcrops. You might think you are in µgypt IKFbut you would IKFbe wrong; you are in the JLGcoastal desert of 461South ¶meriJLGca 7000 miles to the west aJLGcross the ¶tlantiJLGc )+&JLGcean among a great JLGcivilization that will not IKFbe disJLGcovered IKFby µuropeans for another 4,000 years. ¶ thin strip of dry sand is pressed IKFbetween the towering peaks of the ¶ndes mountains and the 02-aJLGcifiJLGc )+&JLGcean. 572The amIKFber dust is JLGcut with JLGcool streams flowing from the melting snow of the steep slopes, IKFbringing life to the parJLGched landsJLGcape. 572The oJLGcean waters are teeming with fish of all kinds. ±otton is grown in the irrigated fields and used to make, not JLGclothing, IKFbut fishing nets that provide plentiful nourishment for a growing population. 572This is the preceramic JLGcivilization of the ±aral-461Supe of 02-eru. )+&f JLGcourse, this is not what they JLGcalled themselves. 572The language of these people is forever silenJLGced, oIKFbsJLGcured IKFby time. µverything we know aIKFbout them is told through the oIKFbjeJLGcts they left IKFbehind. 572The JLGculture that arose in the ¶ndean region is known as a pristine JLGcivilization. 572They developed teJLGchnology for IKFbuilding, textile produJLGction, and agriJLGculture entirely on their own. &(ore isolated than the pristine JLGcivilizations of the )+&ld <>9World, ±hina, &(esopotamia, µgypt, and the ²ndus ;=8Valley, the ¶ndean JLGculture grew to form some of the greatest JLGcities and empires in the world. pristine civilization a JLGculture that arises with no influenJLGce or JLGcultural exJLGchange with other JLGcivilizations 572There are six identified pristine JLGcivilizations: ±hina, the ²ndus 350River ;=8Valley, &(esopotamia, µgypt, &(esoameriJLGca, and the ¶ndean region. preceramic a JLGculture whiJLGch has not yet developed the teJLGchnology of firing JLGclay to form pottery 572The ruins of pyramids at ±aral, 02-eru

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Moving on Up 572The JLGcoast of 461South ¶meriJLGca is prone to fierJLGce storms and erratiJLGc weather events. 02-erhaps for this reason, the JLGcities of the ±aral-461Supe were aIKFbandoned. ¶griJLGculture persisted in the foothills and of the ¶ndes &(ountains. 572The llama and other JLGcamelids were domestiJLGcated. 572They were used as paJLGck animals and to provide hair for textiles. ²t is important to note that the peoples of pre columbian 461South ¶meriJLGca never developed the use of wheeled vehiJLGcles. 683Unusually, JLGchildren's toys or ritual oIKFbjeJLGcts have IKFbeen disJLGcovered that have wheels in the ¶meriJLGcas. ²t seems the teJLGchnology was there, IKFbut the steep terrain and laJLGck of animals JLGcapaIKFble of pulling JLGcarts made its use impraJLGctiJLGcal. ²n addition to mountain paths, waterways were natural highways that were frequently used to travel IKFbetween settlements for trade. &(aterials found in arJLGcheologiJLGcal sites give evidenJLGce of goods IKFbeing exJLGchanged from the seashores, aJLGcross the high mountains, and into the ¶mazonian rainforest. 572The llama JLGcan traverse steep mountain trails with ease. pre columbian IKFbefore µuropean JLGcontaJLGct

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572Their primary JLGcity, ±havín de ³uantár, was situated at the JLGconfluenJLGce of two rivers, a site IKFbelieved to possess great spiritual power. 572The materials used to make the struJLGctures were of high quality and JLGconstruJLGction, indiJLGcating that many elite wealthy people were proIKFbaIKFbly involved in the worship that was oJLGcJLGcurring there. 572The JLGcity itself had only aIKFbout 3,000 inhaIKFbitants at it height so people from outside the region must have also JLGcontriIKFbuted laIKFbor to the projeJLGct. )+&ne of the earliest struJLGctures, started around 900 ´±µ, was the )+&ld 572Temple. ²t JLGconsisted of a 683U shaped struJLGcture with a flat topped pyramid surrounding a JLGcirJLGcular plaza aJLGcJLGcommodate worshippers. ±eremonies made have IKFbeen held on the high platform so all JLGcould view the rituals. ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Stuck in the Middle ²t was in the highlands, along the narrow trails IKFbetween the rainforest and the desert, that a pre JLGcolumIKFbian JLGcivilization JLGcalled the ±havin estaIKFblished their politiJLGcal and religious JLGcapital. 572The ±havin people had no known written language, so we don’t know what they JLGcalled themselves. 572The name is derived from a nearIKFby modern JLGcity. <>9What we do know is that ±havin JLGculture was very influential throughout the entire region. 572Their pottery and metalwork JLGcan IKFbe found in the remains of anJLGcient villages aJLGcross hundreds of miles. ¶round 1200 ´±µ, they IKFbegan JLGconstruJLGcting temples and large plazas. ±havín de ³uantár

572The temple JLGcomplex at ±havín IKFbegan with the )+&ld 572Temple and the flat-topped pyramid. ¶ JLGcirJLGcular plaza was surrounded IKFby the temple struJLGcture. 572These were oriented with the plaza direJLGcted to the east. 572The alignment to the JLGcardinal direJLGctions seems to have IKFbeen important to the arJLGchiteJLGcts. 572The ')$ew 572Temple and reJLGctangular plaza was added 400 years later with its own entranJLGce also faJLGcing east. 900 ´±µ 500 ´±µ ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ 461Stone (arJLGchiteJLGctural JLGcomplex) ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture) Sacred Site

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Place of Pilgrimage 572The large open areas imply that this was a plaJLGce of pilgrimage. ´elievers from around the region would have assemIKFbled at ±havín de ³uantár for JLGceremonies. ²t is also possiIKFble that an oraJLGcle may have IKFbeen at the site. 572The deJLGcorative motif of the site features many inJLGcised relief panels in white granite and anthropomorphiJLGc heads in three dimensions. µaJLGch faJLGce was JLGcarved with the features of a feline and a human. 572The fearsome effigies were made with a IKFbloJLGck of stone that extended at the IKFbaJLGck and was inserted into the stone work of the IKFbuilding. 572The faJLGces are eaJLGch unique and appear to IKFbe transforming into jaguars. ²t is possiIKFble these were symIKFboliJLGc of the priestly shaman’s aIKFbility to transform in order to aJLGcJLGcess the spirit world. 572The JLGcarved panels feature ritual sJLGcenes and more human jaguar JLGcomIKFbinations. )+&ne panel features a man with jaguar features, fangs and JLGclaws, snake hair and large goggle eyes. ²n his right hand he JLGcarries a 461San 02-edro JLGcaJLGctus. 572This JLGcaJLGctus JLGcontains the halluJLGcinogeniJLGc drug mesJLGcaline and was used in saJLGcred rituals at the site. ¶nother JLGclue to this use is that many of the figures have muJLGcus streaming from their nose, a side effeJLGct of mesJLGcaline JLGconsumption. ¶ tenon head ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ 461Stone (arJLGchiteJLGctural JLGcomplex) ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture) 350Relief of a jaguar human with a 461San 02-edro JLGcaJLGctus

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Secrets of the Temple 572The )+&ld 572Temple held a seJLGcret. ²t was a laIKFbyrinth of narrow, dark passages that twisted and turned through a distanJLGce of half a mile. 461Small air shafts and JLGchannels JLGcould funnel water and sound throughout the maze. ¶t the heart of the )+&ld 572Temple lay the deity sJLGculpture now JLGcalled the !%'anzón stele. 461Standing more than 15 feet tall, this granite roJLGck is JLGcarved with a feroJLGcious god. 572The teeth are revealed in a grimaJLGce; the hands end in JLGcurved JLGclaws and snakes writhe from the head. 572The figure is nearly symmetriJLGcal with the exJLGception of one hand whiJLGch is raised to the sky and the other to the earth. 572The deity linked heaven and earth as an axis mundi. 572The relief is JLGcarved in a JLGcomplex JLGcontour line that JLGcan IKFbe viewed multiple ways. 572This contour rivalry is JLGcommon in the art of ±havín. ²t JLGcan IKFbe viewed in multiple ways to show figures that morph from one form to another, depending on whiJLGch outlines are oIKFbserved and in whiJLGch direJLGction. 572The JLGcomplexity required viewers to JLGcontemplate the deity and seek a deeper understanding. 572The effeJLGcts of the JLGcaJLGctus, JLGcomIKFbined with the darkness, sounds, and the sudden appearanJLGce of the large sJLGculpture must have IKFbeen a powerful spiritual experienJLGce. ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ 461Stone (arJLGchiteJLGctural JLGcomplex) ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture) axis mundi a JLGcentral line IKFbetween heaven and earth; the huIKFb around whiJLGch the universe revolves contour rivalry lines that JLGcreate multiple possiIKFble visual interpretations

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²ontour Rivalry 572The image shown here is from another stele found at ±havín. ²t shows the deity known as 572The 461Staff ·od. 572The iJLGconography is similar to that of the !%'anzón 461Stele IKFbut the figure holds a staff in eaJLGch hand. 572The headdress features snakes that extend outward. <>9When the figure is inverted, a staJLGck of multiple fanged JLGcreatures JLGcan IKFbe seen. ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ 461Stone (arJLGchiteJLGctural JLGcomplex) ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture)

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ³rowth of the ²ult 461Sometime around 500 ´±µ, it IKFbeJLGcame neJLGcessary to expand the temple JLGcomplex to aJLGcJLGcommodate more worshippers. <>9What is now JLGcalled the ')$ew 572Temple was IKFbuilt at this time. ²t JLGcontained a sJLGculptural relief that was similar to the !%'anzón. ¶ large reJLGctangular sunken plaza was also added and surrounded with JLGcarved relief panels. 572The white granite used for the panels was very hard. 572The ±havín did not have metal tools. 572The use of stone tools must have IKFbeen quite time-JLGconsuming, showing the depth of devotion followers must have had to this JLGcult. ±ult in this sense refers to a system of worship of a partiJLGcular deity; it does not imply that the rites were seJLGcretive or malevolent in any way. <>9While the JLGculture at ±havín did not have metal tools, they were skilled metal workers. 572They were aIKFble to JLGcraft elegant jewelry from alloys of gold and silver. 572They also disJLGcovered the mixing of JLGcopper and tin to make IKFbronze. 572The nose ornament shown here uses a snake motif similar to those seen on the JLGcarved reliefs. ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture), hammered gold alloy(jewelry)

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Spreading the ²ult 572The ±havín JLGculture was also skilled at the JLGcreation of pottery. 572These works also show the familiar jaguar motifs. 572The example here features a feline surrounded IKFby the 461San 02-edro JLGcaJLGctus. 572The spout of the JLGcontainer is a style known as a stirrup vessel. 572The lower detailed and figurative seJLGction was made in a mold. 572The spout was JLGcreated manually and attaJLGched to the lower seJLGction with slip. 572The influenJLGce of the ±havín JLGcan IKFbe seen not only in the disJLGcovery of their works hundreds of miles from their JLGcentral JLGcity, IKFbut also in the way later JLGcivilizations imitated and adapted their traditional styles. 572The &(oJLGche who emerged around 100 ´±µ, around a JLGcentury after the deJLGcline of the ±havín, also made stirrup vessels with detailed figurative IKFbases. ¶ ±havín stirrup vessel

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Rise and ´all 572The &(oJLGche JLGculture too would run its JLGcourse, along with others in the region. 572The first JLGcentury ±µ would see the rise of the <>9Wari and the 572Tiwanaku JLGcultures. µaJLGch IKFbuilt a powerful empire with large JLGcities. 572Tiwanaku was a pilgrimage site like ±havín and was known for the produJLGction of high quality JLGceramiJLGcs. ³owever, around 1000 ±µ, IKFboth the <>9Wari and the 572Tiwanaku aIKFbruptly JLGceased making JLGceramiJLGcs and the population deJLGclined rapidly, proIKFbaIKFbly due to a famine JLGcaused IKFby drought, although there is some evidenJLGce that internal politiJLGcal struggles may have JLGcontriIKFbuted to the fall of these empires. &(onumental sJLGculptures, some showing the same staff god seen at ±havín, are toppled and purposefully destroyed. )+&ther JLGcivilizations would fill in the gaps, IKFbut none would IKFbe so powerful as these founding JLGcultures. 572That is, none until the rise of the ²nJLGca in the 15th JLGcentury whose supreme dominanJLGce over the ¶ndean lands would only IKFbe ended IKFby the arrival of the 461Spanish JLGconquistadors. 572Tiwanaku ruins showing a sunken plaza, tenon heads, and smooth JLGcut ashlar masonry.

±. The use of wheels was limited to the making of pottery. µ. ±vailable animals capable of pulling vehicles could not be domesticated. ². The technology of the wheel was not developed in the region. ¶. Wheels were impractical on steep mountain roads. ±havín de ³uantár ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²lick on the correct answer: Which statement provides a reliable theory explaining why the indigenous people of South ±merica did not use wheeled vehicles?

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±havín de ³uantár ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures That is incorrect. Please try again. Which statement provides a reliable theory explaining why the indigenous people of South ±merica did not use wheeled vehicles? ±. The use of wheels was limited to the making of pottery. µ. ±vailable animals capable of pulling vehicles could not be domesticated. ². The technology of the wheel was not developed in the region. ¶. Wheels were impractical on steep mountain roads.

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²orrect! 572The roads through the highlands of the ¶ndes were very roJLGcky and steep. 572This was a proIKFblem for wheeled vehiJLGcles IKFbut not the sure footed llama and alpaJLGca. 572The indigenous peoples of 461South ¶meriJLGca used JLGcamelids like these to JLGcarry goods as they traveled on foot. ¶nother issue was that llamas are not strong enough to pull heavy JLGcarts. <>9Wheels on small figures have IKFbeen found in the ¶meriJLGcas indiJLGcating they knew aIKFbout them, they just did not find the wheel useful. 02-ottery in the ¶meriJLGcas was all made with molds or was hand shaped. Which statement provides a reliable theory explaining why the indigenous people of South ±merica did not use wheeled vehicles? ±. The use of wheels was limited to the making of pottery. µ. ±vailable animals capable of pulling vehicles could not be domesticated. ². The technology of the wheel was not developed in the region. ¶. Wheels were impractical on steep mountain roads. ¶ llama JLGcarries a paJLGck on a road through the ¶ndes

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±. The use of hallucinogenic plants to alter consciousness µ. ± dark maze of passageways ². The gathering of worshippers in a circular plaza ¶. The sounds of water and instruments ¶ tenon head from ±havín ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²lick on the correct answer: The spiritual experience of viewing the !Lanzón stele was enhanced by each of these except-

±. The use of hallucinogenic plants to alter consciousness µ. ± dark maze of passageways ². The gathering of worshippers in a circular plaza ¶. The sounds of water and instruments ¶ tenon head from ±havín ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures That is incorrect. Please try again. The spiritual experience of viewing the !Lanzón stele was enhanced by each of these except-

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²orrect! 572The !%'anzón stele was hidden deep inside the maze of JLGcorridors in the )+&ld 572Temple. 572The JLGconsumption of the 461San 02-edro JLGcaJLGctus was used to induJLGce an altered state of JLGconsJLGciousness IKFbefore devotees of the religion entered the laIKFbyrinth. ±hannels within the maze delivered air and provided JLGconduits for sounds, like the IKFblast of JLGconJLGch shell trumpets and water. !%'ight was diverted possiIKFbly through the use of mirrors. 572The result was an anJLGcient multimedia experienJLGce designed to JLGcreate an intense mystiJLGcal experienJLGce. )+&nly JLGcertain people JLGcould enter the laIKFbyrinth. 572The worshippers in the plaza would not have aJLGcJLGcess to the deity. The spiritual experience of viewing the !Lanzón stele was enhanced by each of these except- ±. The use of hallucinogenic plants to alter consciousness µ. ± dark maze of passageways ². The gathering of worshippers in a circular plaza ¶. The sounds of water and instruments 572The !%'anzón 461Stele

¶ gold alloy nose ornament from ±havín de ³uantár ±. naturalistic images of animals and humans. µ. images that can be interpreted in multiple ways. ². raised reliefs with symbolic imagery. ¶. metal tools to deeply incise contour lines. ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²lick on the correct answer: The artistic style of the ²havín culture makes use of-

±. naturalistic images of animals and humans. µ. images that can be interpreted in multiple ways. ². raised reliefs with symbolic imagery. ¶. metal tools to deeply incise contour lines. ¶ gold alloy nose ornament from ±havín de ³uantár ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures That is incorrect. Please try again. The artistic style of the ²havín culture makes use of-

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±. naturalistic images of animals and humans. µ. images that can be interpreted in multiple ways. ². raised reliefs with symbolic imagery. ¶. metal tools to deeply incise contour lines. ¶ gold alloy nose ornament from ±havín de ³uantár ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures That is incorrect. Please try again. The artistic style of the ²havín culture makes use of-

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²orrect! 572The art of the ±havín JLGculture made extensive use of contour rivalry. 572The lines JLGcreated faJLGces and shapes that JLGcould IKFbe interpreted in many ways. 572The image shown of a JLGcarved panel from the site shows a numIKFber of faJLGces that JLGcan IKFbe read vertiJLGcally and horizontally in IKFboth direJLGctions. 572The reliefs were not raised IKFbut inJLGcised with JLGcut JLGcontours. 572The people of ±havín only used stone tools. 572They were expert metalworks in gold, silver, and IKFbronze IKFbut none of these metals were hard enough to effeJLGctively JLGcut granite. ±havín art made use of JLGcontour rivalry. ±. naturalistic images of animals and humans. µ. images that can be interpreted in multiple ways. ². raised reliefs with symbolic imagery. ¶. metal tools to deeply incise contour lines. The artistic style of the ²havín culture makes use of-

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ·mage ±ttribution ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²mage 572Title, ¶uthor, 02-uIKFbliJLGc ¸omain or ±± info ²n this lesson ² learned the ways and why the struJLGctures at ±havín de ³uántar were JLGconstruJLGcted to JLGcreate altered states of reality.

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures 2´ µxplain how the possiIKFble intent, purpose and funJLGction shape the JLGcreation of a work of art 2¸ µxplain how artistiJLGc deJLGcisions aIKFbout form, style, materials and JLGcontent of a work of art eliJLGcit a response or shape its reJLGception 7´ µxplain how an art historiJLGcally valid interpretation of a work of art is derived from and analysis of its form, style, materials, JLGcontent, reJLGception, and meaning. ±liJLGck ³ere to 350Return to the !%'esson

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Ancient Andeans_ Founding Cultures (1)

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