History Midterm

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The University of Tennessee, Chattanooga *

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Arts Humanities

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Oct 30, 2023

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John Abernathy Midterm PART I The Neolithic Revolution was the shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural one. This is how society was born and this revolution happened at different times for different groups of people all over the world, but it is what follows after the Paleolithic era roughly 12,000 years ago. Before this time humans lived in smaller groups but with the advancement of agriculture, humans were then able to increase the size of these groups as well as being able to stay in one place rather than have to find food constantly. They could instead establish more permanent living situations and from this societies were born as well as class because land wealth developed. Catal Huyuk was the name of a village from the Neolithic era and was occupied roughly from 7250 BCE to 5400 BCE in what is now modern-day Turkey. It is believed that the people who lived in this village did utilize the benefits of agriculture but also continued hunting and gathering for food as well. This site is believed to be the largest settlement of Neolithic people and at its height may have had 6,000 citizens. They had their own culture based on findings that led researchers to believe that they venerated bulls. Because this is a neolithic site lots of materials have been found in their homes such as craft materials and other textiles that they would trade with neighboring people. Legalism is one of the schools of thought that came out of ancient China like Taoism or Confucianism. Although it emerged around the same time this school of thought was less about the mysticism of the natural world or ideas like karma. Instead, legalists were more concerned with power and the idea that the government got power from a strong written law and the ability

John Abernathy to enforce these laws with rewards and consequences. After the Warring States era ended around 256 BCE with Qin unification Legalism became the leading school of thought throughout China. Akhenaten was the self-given name of a Pharoh of Egypt’s New Kingdom meaning “the transfigured spirit of the solar orb,” according to the book. He was the husband of the famous Nefertiti and together they became the heads of the new Egyptian monotheistic religion worshiping Aton. He ordered the depictions and names of the old gods be removed from monuments and other works. This eliminated priests who under the old religion had significant power in Egypt and this gave him mixed reviews in his time. The Yamato clan ruled during the Kofun period (3 rd to 6 th century) in Japan and they were said to have been descendants of the Shinto goddess of the sun named Amaterasu. During this time Buddhism came to Japan and became an integral part of the culture without replacing Shinto. Other clans didn’t want any religion that would interfere with tradition but because the Soga clan backed Buddhism the two kind of go in tandem even to this day. PART II : source 3 How do we as people navigate the treacherous waters of morality and find purpose in life? These questions have plagued man for as long as we have been able to ask them. Most of us find the answers to these questions from religion or some kind of holy teacher that we believe has the answers and some never look for these answers. Given a long enough timeline perhaps we would know the truth. However, for now, we can only look back at what other people from other groups had to say on the issue.

John Abernathy The excerpt text is line 35 from “Perform Action, Free from Attachment,” a section in the Bhagavad Gita which was finished around 300 CE in modern-day India. The Bhagavad Gita Is the main text of Hinduism and teaches that commoners can also live morally by abstaining from desire and looking within to find inner peace. This text came about as the result of Brahminism changing over centuries and incorporating Buddhist ideas as well as getting rid of Brahman priests as a necessity for prayer. This resulted in worship being more intrapersonal with the gods focusing more on worship within the home which became Hinduism. After reading the sections from “Perform Action, Free from Attachment,” which was provided in class, line 35 is centralized on doing your own “duty” over that of anyone else and doing another’s potentially dangerous. Meanwhile, lines 8-10 seem very in line with the title of the section talking about action as opposed to inaction because succeeding takes action, and in this way that action is in fact a kind of worship. However, it should be done in a way that is free of attachment and I believe that’s concerning your intent behind those actions. If you do a good thing for a bad reason, is it then a good thing? In our quest to understand the intricacies of morality and purpose, we turn to ancient texts and teachings, seeking wisdom that has endured the test of time. The Bhagavad Gita emphasis on inner reflection and detachment from the results of our actions encourages us to navigate life with integrity and contemplation. By performing our duties without attachment and by ensuring our intentions are pure, we find a balanced path in life. While the questions of purpose and morality might never have conclusive answers, these ancient teachings provide a compass to navigate through life intentionally and genuinely until we reach our terminus.

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