midterm pt2

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California State University, Northridge *

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Arts Humanities

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Oct 30, 2023

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Name: Elizabeth Luna Email: elizabeth.luna.708@my.csun.edu 11-19-2022 9.(1-2 sentences) What did Las Casas intend to demonstrate by publishing “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies”? Old Answer: Las Casas wanted to demonstrate how civility was protected by laws and indigenous culture. New Answer: For political as well as religious reasons, including the evidence from las Casas, King Charles issued the “New Laws of the Indies” in 1542 to moderate the treatment of theIndians. The New Laws were opposed and ignored by most colonial officials in Spanish America. Las Casas is, then, implying that his Brevísima Relación will be based on personal experience and observation. It should be noted that las Casas did not adopt the views expressed in this account until 1514, twelve full years after he came to the Indies. He was, in fact, an encomendero at first, one of those who exploited the Indians, and it was not until he was exposed to the ideas of Antonio de Montesinos, a Dominican who prea ched that the Indians were “men,” with souls, that las Casas’ eyes were opened to the brutality of the Conquest. 10. (1-2 sentences) What did the term “latinidad” originally refer to? Old Answer: La;nidad a word from the Spanish language that describes the many characteris;cs that individuals from La;n America and their descendants have in common without condensing those commonali;es to a single fundamental characteris;c. New answer: Latinidad – Forged in Geopolitics Originally introduced by France (1800s) Formalized by Creole/Mestizo Elites

Latinidad is a term used to describe a shared cultural experience that may appear unconnected at first. We are able to create pan-Latino unity because of it. And no matter where we come from, we all carry out this practice here in the United States, where we were all raised from infancy. It is natural for us to travel and that we have strong links to the United States; these things contribute to our sense of unity. In the end, this affects how we exercise our political and social authority as Americans and how we Section II Question 1: Spaniards sensationalized Aztec sacrifices, emphasizing their violence and destructiveness. Contrary to those depictions, what does Inga Clendinnen’s “Cost of Courage in Aztec Society” reveal about Aztec rituals and sacrificial practices? Old Answer: Aztec rituals, which involved tremendous violence, were aeer all legally transported into the city. In the ritualized killings that commemorated events with a large popula;on. The priest had to drag some of them as they weren't supposed to run up the pyramid's stairs while singing the slogans of their community. A priest secured each leg while they were turned on their backs over a li\le upright stone at the top, in front of the shrine, and a fieh priest used a flint knife to cut open the chest, removed the heart, and elevated it to the sun.The body was then hurled down the steps and sent crashing, where it was picked up at the bo\om by old mean from the ward temple. New Answer: Beyond the brutality that the Spaniards recount, there are more complex rituals. They are more than just acts of violence; they are more comparable to customs, ideologies, and ways of life. they began their training to become 15-year-old fighters To prepare their men for warfare, the Aztecs train them. According to the reading, "Any male who failed to go to war, even if he were the King's son would be deprived of all signs of rank and would live as a despised commoner, While great warriors would eat from the king's dish" So this was more than just violence, it represented a way of life as I mentioned earlier.. IUsing violence in a society can help you rise through the ranks. These soldiers were raised and prepared for combat, where they would live and die, but where they would be rewarded with honor. The Aztecs saw the rites as acts of adoration, and a significant element of the ceremonial entailed seizing adversaries and battling victoriously until the prisoner was murdered.The act of "sticking open the breast and cutting out the heart, which was raised "as a gift" to the sun" is a clear indication that there is a reason to these "savage" rituals for them, as it was an honor for them and they never wanted to come across as barbarians. Many Native Americans were pushed into slavery during the time of "Finding the New World," and as a consequence, millions of them ended up as slaves. Despite the fact that the Spaniards painted them as monsters, they never truly looked closely at what they had do.

Question 2: In “Cimarrones, Theatre, and the State,” why and how do some residents in Curiepe, Venezuela invoke the concept of cimarronaje? Old Answer: Referencing the term "cimarronaje" in Curiepe, Venezuela today, the Afro- Venezuelan alludes not just to a previous history but also to a current tradi;on that is s;ll resolute in defying the rule of an european ruling elite. It acknowledges that black Venezuelans con;nue to be economically and socially disenfranchised people who must seek for answers within their own community. New Answer: In Curiepe, Venezuela, people refer to the cimarronaje as a symbol of optimism and a source of strength from the past. According to Guss, "They reflect an unwillingness to succumb either physically or culturally to the brutalizing system of slavery." The cimarronaje are emancipated slaves who revolted against injustice and banded together to fight it. They stand for a refusal to surrender physically or culturally to the cruel system of slavery. The brutalizing institution of slavery was opposed by fugitive slaves known as the cimarronaje. Moving forward required their mutual reliance. Gus points out that when an Afro-Venezuelan mentions the concept of cimarronaje in the present, they are alluding to a continuing tradition that is steadfastly opposing the control of a European ruling elite. It recognizes the continued economic and social marginalization of black Venezuelans, who are forced to look for answers inside their own neighborhoods. It is said that Cimarronaje represents hope that they may all work together to end injustice. They use the cimarronaje to reaffirm their optimism and the notion that they are capable of overthrowing any tyranny collectively. 1. “Maroons in the Americas” (although this article refers to cimarrónes in general, it is representative of the spirit referred to in “Cimarrónes, Theatre, and the State.” _______ Question 3: In “The Mapuche Man Who Became a Woman Shaman,” how do gender normative* expectations counter Marta’s desire to be perceived as a good woman, wife, and mother? Old Answer: Marta finds fulfillment in the posi;on of a married, child-bearing woman by overcoming the gender norma;ve expecta;ons that conflict with her desire to be regarded as a decent woman, wife, and mother. She married and had a kid to demonstrate her wifeliness and motherhood. She does tasks that are normally associated with women in Chilean culture, such as cooking, cleaning, washing, and sewing, to establish her status as a devout wife. The gender of Marta was also regarded as poten;ally infec;ous and hazardous. Regarding her recep;ve feminine sexuality and the masculine perspec;ves of her lovers, Marta made roman;cized claims.

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New Answer: Gender normative expectations work against Marta's desire to be regarded as a good wife, mother, and woman since there are stereotypes and roles that men and women perform. Marta has a masculine sex. Since she was born a male, they start to "reevaluate her gender identity, personality, and spiritual abilities according to machi standards and Chilean national gender beliefs" when they find out. Her community's and gender norms' opposition to her desires and her sense of self as a woman. Marta attempts to hide it, but her neighborhood won't let her get away with it because he was born a man. She will never be able to pursue her goals because of the ongoing mystery.Martha is unable to have children, despite it being thought of as one of the ideal qualities for women. Marta displays more of her masculine side when she first starts drinking, and as she continues to drink, she "In addition to acting more violently and beginning to drink in public, she ceases utilizing her falsetto, both of which are characteristics of men. In her neighborhood, TMartha is not popular since she doesn't go by all the laws. Initially, they "reevaluated her gender identification, personality, and spiritual talents in light of machi norms and Chilean national gender notions. Gender expectations conflict with her desire since her community is against her female identity. *Gender normative refers to ideal standards of masculine and feminine behavior