Were Dinosaurs Warm (1)

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Jan 9, 2024

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Were Dinosaurs Warm-Blooded or Cold-Blooded? Dinosaurs have always presented many mysteries to paleontologists. One of the most puzzling has been their body temperature. Warm-blooded animals like mammals and birds produce heat within their body to maintain a constant body temperature and get heat from their environment. But what about dinosaurs? In order to find out, scientists decided to look at metabolism. Warm-blooded animals have fast metabolisms that allow for a faster growth rate, more brainpower, and quicker movements. Cold-blooded animals lack these traits but are more economical with energy and food; that is, they can sustain themselves for ling periods of time with very little food. Interestingly, studies of fossils showed that dinosaurs had a combination of these characteristics. They could regulate their body heat like mammals, although they could not do it continually. Scientist believe this unique in-between stage gave dinosaurs an ecological advantage. They would Have been smarter than reptiles. However, dinosaurs would not have required as much food as similar-sized mammals to maintain these characteristics. In short, dinosaurs were truly in a category Of their own. It is no wonder that we remain fascinated by these long-gone creatures. 1 which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? c) Dinosaurs could not always control their body temperature like mammals. 2 which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information on the highlighted sentence in the passage? b) To preserve certain traits, dinosaurs needed less food than mammals. c) Mammals and dinosaurs were similar sizes because they ate a lot. How Alaska Became the 49 소 State Alaska is the 49 소 and largest state in the US. It is a region filled with beauty and abundant natural resources. Around 5 percent of the area is covered in glaciers, and there are millions of acres if untouched wilderness. However, Alaska was not always considered such an attractive place. Native tribes had been the only inhabitants of the area fir thousands of years until Russia began to expand its territory. During the seventeenth century, Russians established fur trading posts and other settlements in the region. Life there was not easy. The climate was harsh and agriculture was

Almost impossible. Since living there in general was so unpleasant and maintaining remote settlements was never very profitable, Russia eventually decided to sell Alaska to the United States. Unfortunately, no one was interested in buying the area except for one person. US secretary of State William Seward insisted on acquiring it because the large landmass would be a valuable possession for the US. Most Americans, on the other hand, thought the deal was a waste of money and called it “Seward’s Folly.” In the and, the purchase was approved by only a single vote in the senate in 1867. Luckily, Seward’s insistence paid off. Gold was discovered there soon after the deal, and hundreds of citizens headed to the northern territory. Alaska had more riches to offer. It was home to a wide variety of wildlife, including polar bears, beluga whales, and caribou. The US also gained hundreds of billions of dollars in fur, copper, fish, timber, and petroleum. Now, Alaska is one of the richest states in America, meaning that Seward’s Folly was, in fact, a great achievement 2.the word “acquiring” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. conquering 4. according to paragraph 4, Seward was proved to be correct about Alaska because B. the region included significant natural resources The Wire Mother Experiment The Wire Mother Experiment was a famous experiment created by American psychologist Harry Harlow in the 1960s. in the early 20 th century, many psychologists believed that a baby became emotionally attached to its mother simply because the mother provided food and water. However, Harlow was suspicious of this claim. He devised an experiment to see if it was true. His research involved using newborn rhesus monkeys. He took the infants away from their mothers just a few hours after birth and left them to be raised by two doll mothers. The first was made of wire and provided food. The second was made of soft cloth and did not provide food. Harlow observed how The monkeys behaved in these conditions. He discovered that the baby monkeys went to the wire mother for food when they were hungry. However, they spent the majority of their tome with the cloth mother. The babies appeared to gin emotional comfort and security from the softness. In addition, they acted differently when they were faced with unfamiliar situations, such as being in a new room. Although the young monkeys would feel safe and explore the room when placed in it with the cloth mother, they would freeze up, scream, and cry in fear if it was removed.

Harlow’s experiment showed that love and affection were critical elements of healthy child development. They had positive effects when provided and devastating consequences when absent. His groundbreaking work is still studied to this day and continues to inform research on human behavior. 3. the word “devastating” in the passage is closest in meaning to b. harmful 4. According to paragraph 4, the experiment Harlow conducted c. is relevant to modern research Frida Kahlo Born in 1907, Frida Kahlo achieved international renown as an artist because of her self- portraits That were heavily influenced by her Mexican heritage. While she achieved success for her work, Kahlo’s life was far from an easy one. At the young age of six, she suffered from polio, which damaged her right leg. As a teenager, she was in a terrible bus accident that nearly killed her. It left her severely injured. She underwent more than 30 surgeries and spent many months recovering in bed. Unfortunately, she would continue to feel severe pain for the rest of her life. Yet there was a silver lining. Feeling trapped in her bed and her body, Kahlo began to paint portraits of herself to pass the time and forget about her adversity. Despite never having had formal training as an artist, Kahlo showed an innate ability. She used bold, bright colors and a style that was directly inspired by Mexican folk art. Even after she recovered, Kahlo continued to paint and eventually abandoned her studies in medicine to pursue a career as an artist. Although many professional art critics considered Kahlo to be a Surrealist painter, she rejected this label. Instead Kahlo argued that her paintings were accurate representations of ger own experiences indeed, much of the personal pain that she suffered throughout her life is reflected in her work, as her self-portraits honestly portray her emotional states In response to the hardships she faced. By refusing to separate art from life, Kahlo created an artistic legacy that is still influential today. 2. the word “innate” in the passage is closest in meaning to a. natural 4. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about Frida Kahlo is true? D. she disagreed with an expert opinion regarding her work.

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The History of Hand-Washing Hand-washing is one of the first routines we learn as children. It is an easy and highly effective fairly recent development that did not catch on at first. It began to take form in Europe during the 1840s. This was a terrible time because many new mothers were getting sick and dying regardless of social status or initial health. Shortly after giving birth, mothers would develop a rapid heart rate, a fever, and severe abdominal pain. Eventually, they would die from the sickness. The condition was known as “childbed fever.” One Hungarian doctor named Ignaz Semmelweis saw this again and again as je worked at the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital. He was determined to find the cause. Semmelweis observed two maternity wards that were at the hospital. One was run by doctors and the other was run by midwives. He noticed that the one the midwives were in charge of had far fewer deaths from childbed fever. After comparing the two wards and ruling out any differences, Semmelweis hypothesized that certain “particles” were being transferred from dead bodies to new mothers by the doctors. He ordered the medical tools with a chlorine solution. The effect was immediate: the mortality rate dropped dramatically. Unfortunately, Semmelweis’s thinking was ahead of his time, as his theory was initially rejected by the medical community. It was until after his death that hand-washing became routinely accepted and ultimately changed hygiene health worldwide. 1 The phrase “catch on” in the passage is closest in meaning to D. spread 4 According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true? C. The requirement to wash hands and equipment was applied to midwives. Green Icebergs Nearly all icebergs are white or blue, but there is a small percentage that displays a dark

emerald Green color instead. Known as green icebergs, these oddities are only found in certain parts of Antarctica. There had been reports of green icebergs for more than a century, but no one could explain the reason for their color until recently. Regular icebergs are made of compressed snow that turns to ice. The blue color of the ice is what we typically see. However, green icebergs are made of marine ice-ocean water frozen to the underside of the ice shelf – and not snow. The marine ice that makes green icebergs is much darker ad has a distinct green hue. At first, scientists thought that dissolved organic matter in the ice was the reason for the coloring. It is yellowish in color, so mixing it with pure blue ice would create a green hue. However, when they found the green and blue marine ice had the same amount of organic material. In addition, Researchers determined that the quantity was too small to make a difference in the coloring, which suggested that something else had to be responsible. They came across a clue while measuring iron levels in the icebergs. To their surprise, green icebergs Had 500 times more iron than regular ones. As iron oxides in rocks are mostly yellow, scientists began to form a new theory based on the presence of the iron oxides in icebergs. As glaciers in Antarctica traveled over bedrock, they would grind the rocks into a powder called “rock flour.” The rock flour would flow into the ocean and become frozen into part of the marine ice. The combination of blue ice and yellow iron oxides created green hues around the edges of glaciers. When pieces of these broke off, they became the rare green icebergs. 1 the word “distinct” in the passage is closest in meaning to C. noticeable 2 According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about green icebergs? B. They are not as bright as regular icebergs. 3 The word “it” in the passage refers to B. organic matter 4 which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted Sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. C. The quantity of organic material in green marine ice was equal to that found in blue marine ice. 5 According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true?

D. Organic matter in the ice has a yellowish color. 6 The phrase “came across” in the passage is closest meaning to. A discovered 7 which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about iron oxide? D. It is found in the bedrock of Antarctica. 8 According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT true about rock flour? B. It turns blue when it freezes 9 Lock at the four squares [ ㅁ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. When sunlight hits the ice, it absorbs the red light and reflects the blue light. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [ ㅁ ] to add the sentence to the passage. A 10 Directions: An introductory sentence for brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important Ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. B) Icebergs that form from marine ice in Antarctica sometimes have a distinct color. D) Organic matter initially became a primary candidate for the cause of green icebergs because of its yellow color. E) green icebergs are much more valuable because of their high concentration of iron

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Were Dinosaurs Warm (1)

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