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Anthropology

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Jan 9, 2024

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1. Provide two characteristics of the Hunter-Gatherer, Pastoral, Horticultural, Agricultural, Industrial and Post-Industrial society Hunter-Gatherer Society: Nomadic Lifestyle: Hunter-gatherer societies are characterized by a nomadic way of life, moving from one place to another in search of food sources and seasonal resources. Simple Technology: They rely on basic tools and technology, such as stone implements and wooden weapons, for hunting and gathering. Pastoral Society: Animal Husbandry: Pastoral societies depend on raising and herding domesticated animals like cattle, sheep, or goats as their primary source of sustenance. Semi-Nomadic Lifestyle: They often move their herds to find suitable grazing lands, but they have more settled communities compared to hunter-gatherers. Horticultural Society: Subsistence Agriculture: Horticultural societies practice small-scale farming with simple tools, cultivating crops like fruits, vegetables, and grains. Limited Surplus: They have a modest surplus of food compared to hunter-gatherers, which allows for slightly larger and more stable communities. Agricultural Society: Large-Scale Farming: Agricultural societies engage in extensive farming using advanced techniques, such as plowing, irrigation, and domesticated animals, to produce surplus food. Permanent Settlements: They establish permanent villages and cities, leading to the growth of complex societies and the division of labor. Industrial Society: Industrialization: Industrial societies are characterized by the widespread use of machinery, factories, and advanced technology to produce goods and services. Urbanization: There is a significant shift from rural to urban living, with most of the population residing in cities and towns, and a high level of specialization in various industries.

Post-Industrial Society: Information and Service Economy: Post-industrial societies rely heavily on the production and exchange of information, services, and technology rather than manufacturing goods. Digital Revolution: These societies are marked by the pervasive use of digital technology, the internet, and a knowledge-based economy, leading to rapid innovation and globalization. 2. Explain the nature versus nurture debate. What is Socialization? What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization? The nature vs. nurture debate focuses on whether genetics (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) have a greater impact on human development. Socialization is the lifelong process by which individuals acquire the values, norms, and behaviors of their culture or social group. Primary socialization, primarily within the family during early childhood, forms the basis of one's personality, while secondary socialization occurs throughout life, helping individuals adapt to different social roles and contexts outside the family environment. 3. Define the following terms: status, roles, achieve status, ascribed status, embodied status, master status, role conflict and role strain Status refers to an individual's social position, while roles are the behaviors and expectations tied to that position. Achieved status is earned through effort, ascribed status is assigned at birth, and embodied status pertains to physical characteristics' impact on social perception. A master status is the most defining position in one's identity. Role conflict arises from conflicting role demands, and role strain results from difficulty fulfilling expectations within a single role. 4. Fully explain Charles Cooley's theory on the development of self. Charles Cooley's theory, known as the "Looking Glass Self," proposes that individuals form their self-concept through social interactions. This process involves three steps: imagining how others perceive us, considering how others judge us based on these perceptions, and, finally, developing our self-concept accordingly. Cooley's theory underscores the social nature of self-identity, emphasizing that our self-esteem and self-worth are shaped by the reflections of others in our social environment. In essence, we see ourselves through the lens of others' perceptions and judgments, which plays a central role in shaping our self-concept. This concept laid the groundwork for understanding how social interactions influence the development of self-identity. 5. Fully explain George Herbert Mead's theory on the development of self (see the class notes). George Herbert Mead's theory of self-development posits that the self consists of two components: the "I" (spontaneous) and the "Me" (socialized). Self-development occurs in stages, including the preparatory stage, play stage, and game stage, where individuals learn to take on roles and consider the perspectives of others. This theory underscores the role of social

interactions, language, and role-taking in shaping an individual's self-concept and identity. 6. Fully explain Sigmund Freud's theory on the development of self (see the class notes). Sigmund Freud's theory of self-development, often known as psychosexual development, posits that a person's self develops through a series of stages in childhood. The key stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. During each stage, a child faces specific developmental challenges and conflicts related to their desires and societal expectations, which can influence their personality and self-identity in adulthood. 7. Fully explain Erving Goffman's theory on "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" (see the class notes) Erving Goffman's theory in "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" focuses on how individuals engage in impression management to present a desired image of themselves to others. Goffman describes social interactions as resembling a theatrical performance, where individuals play roles, wear masks, and use props to shape how others perceive them. He introduces concepts like front stage (public interactions) and back stage (private interactions) to illustrate how people manage their self-presentation in various social contexts. 8. Fully explain Kohlberg's theory on moral development Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests that individuals progress through a series of moral stages as they mature. These stages are grouped into three levels: pre- conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Kohlberg posits that moral development is driven by an individual's ability to reason about ethical dilemmas, progressing from a focus on self-interest to a consideration of universal moral principles. 9. Identify the different agents of socialization (make sure you understand the significance of each agent of socialization) Agents of socialization are influential forces that shape an individual's social and cultural development. They include family, peers, education, media, and religious institutions. Each agent contributes to the transmission of values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors, helping individuals adapt to their society and culture. The significance of each agent lies in its role in imparting the knowledge and social skills necessary for functioning within a particular social group or society. 10. Have you fully review the terms within both chapters? yes

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