ANT101003_FA_21_Final_exam

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Anthropology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Please answer each of the following in the form of a short paragraph. Do not utilize internet-based research to answer these questions and do not simply cut and paste from the lecture handouts. Biological Anthropology 1) Explain what mitosis is, including each phase. Give an example of a type of cell that undergoes mitosis. Mitosis is when a cell (the parent cell) is divided into two daughter cells that both contain 46 chromosomes that are in 23 pairs. Mitosis consists of about 5 stages. These stages that go by order include the Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and the Telophase. A cell that would undergo mitosis are adult stem cells and body cells. The Interphase is when the nucleus of the parent cell copies its own DNA and centrosomes, where it then goes through the Interphase-prophase transition, the Prophase is when the chromatin continuous to coil after the transition and does so until the chromatin is smaller. It then transitions into Prometaphase where the nuclear envelope begins to break down. The cell then starts to become aligned after the duplication of centromere regions. This is where it jumps to Anaphase which is when new chromosomes begin to move towards the poles after the centromere division. Lastly, the divided chromosomes finally reach the poles and thus beginning a cycle back into the Interphase. This is known as Telophase. 2) Explain how and why mitosis differs from meiosis. The difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis is the division of two identical daughter cells from a parent cell, whereas meiosis is the cell division of two daughter cells that only contain about ½ of the genetic info from the parent cell. The first division of meiosis is known as the “reduction abbreviation.” Another difference between mitosis and meiosis is that during meiosis, the daughter cells only contain about 23 chromosomes whereas mitosis has 46. 3) How can bipedalism be identified in early hominin remains? One of the ways bipedalism can be identified in early hominin remains is by looking at a section of a leg known as the valgus knee. This part was first found in an early hominin known as, Australopithecus afarensis, specifically a juvenile named “Lucy.” Another way to identify bipedalism is by looking at the patterns the footprints left behind by the hominin.

4) Explain how natural selection drives the process of evolution. Natural selection plays a role in the evolution process as organisms that are better suited for the environment they are living in are more likely to pass their genes (genes that have aided them in survival) onto the next generation. For example, if a yellow butterfly were to live in a forest that is surrounded by predatory birds, it will most likely try to hide from them for survival. Overtime, the same species of butterfly living in that vicinity will eventually start to develop colors more suited to the environment like brown or green. Butterfly’s with the darker colors will most likely survive and pass their genes on to the next generation whereas the yellow ones will eventually die out. The offspring of the newer generations will have darker colors instead of lighter colors. Evolution is based on the progress and growth of the individual species that is able to survive and pass their “superior” genetics. 5) What are the two major systems of primate classification? How do they differ? The two major systems of primate classification is what is known as the Gradistic and Cladistic classifications. The difference between the two is the Gradistic is mainly based on the physical similarities of primates. An example of this can be something such as prosimians having large eyes, ears, and a tendency to be nocturnal or anthropoids having a boney ear canal and enclosed eye orbits. Cladistic revolves around the evolutionary relationships the primates have with their ancestors and any derived traits. This can be something such as Haplorhini having DNA similarities to humans. Archaeology 1) Explain what the bio-cultural approach to studying culture means. The Bio-cultural approach is when an individual from a specific culture is trying to reach an understanding of humanity through biology and culture. An example of this can be someone working in the field anthropological archaeology studying information from past civilizations and cultures like ancient Egypt or Rome. He/she is able to get an understanding of how people from the specific culture and time period lived, ate, and believed after digging up artifacts or scriptures. Anthropological archaeology is the study of humanity through the bio-cultural perspective.

2) What are the concepts of “ethnocentrism” and “cultural relativism” and why do they matter to archaeology? The concept of both ethnocentrism and cultural relativism is that they both involve an individual judging a culture based on its specific attributes. However, the difference between the both is that ethnocentrism is involving someone judging a specific culture and comparing it to the standards of another (a bias) whereas cultural relativism is the judging of a culture based on its own right, meaning that an individual understands as to why a particular aspect of another culture is acceptable and seen as “normal.” An example of ethnocentrism is some being baffled at the fact that people in Asian cultures use chopsticks instead of silverware like people everywhere else do. They may see it as “unnecessary” therefore creating a bias. 3) Explain the Law of Association and how it can be incorrectly used. The Law of Association refers to when two artifacts are found in the same ground stratum and are believed to be buried at the same time. The association might be incorrectly interpreted because even though the artifacts were discovered next to each other in the same stratum, disturbances such as animals digging or manipulating the site in some way, harsh weather, tectonic plates moving and shifting, and even humans discovering the site can make interpreting artifacts much more difficult. 4) Explain how archaeological sites are mapped, specifically, and why accurate mapping is so important. Archaeological sites are mapped by contour mapping, which is a system where it tracks the changes in the environmental patterns and how frequent those changes are. Other forms of mapping include a process known as “Datum” which is usually placed to maximize the grid across the site and Z- Coordinate which determines the arbitrary level to the datum. It is important to map a site accurately because it can reveal utilizations of the site and if there are any artifacts located within it. 5) Generally speaking, how are most archaeological sites discovered? Give a specific example of how this has happened. Archaeological sites are either found deliberately or accidently by humans or animals who were scouting about the area at the time. An example of this can be something like Egypt where the catacombs of Kom el-Shoqafa were “found” in the 1900s by an unsuspecting donkey who fell into the access shaft of the site. Another example of “accidental discovery” is in Folsom, New Mexico where a flood exposed bones of bison (that were over 10,000 yrs old) containing pieces of spear points embedded within them. An of example of people deliberating finding archaeological sites can be

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archaeologists using mapping technology such as Google Earth, LANDSAT, Aircraft/Satellite imagery, or LIDAR. Cultural Anthropology 1) Describe the concepts of socialization and enculturation and give examples of each. Socialization is the process of social learning of culture by children whereas Enculturation is the transmission (by means of social learning) of cultural knowledge to the next generation. We learn our own cultures from those around us and from generations before us through the processes of socialization and enculturation. An example of socialization can be that if a child sees others dancing in public, they will do it as well, but if he dances alone and not with a partner, that is deemed as socially unacceptable as it is uncommon and “taboo” for someone to dance by themselves in their culture. He/she learns eventually picks up on this and decides to only dance with a partner from now on. Socialization is about learning what is and isn’t acceptable within the boundaries of your culture. An example of enculturation can be something like your parents teaching you to say thank you whenever you receive a gift. As you get older and have children, you will pass those practices on to your children who wills also eventually pass them down to the next generation. Enculturation is transferring ideas of what your culture perceived as right and eliminating ones that are considered to be wrong for future generations. 2) Discuss how gender and sex differ and why they cannot be used interchangeably. Sex is the physical characteristics of a person given to them after birth, while gender is what a person feels who they are on a mental level rather than on a physical one. An example of gender can be a woman who identifies as a man because emotionally and mentally, she feels like one. An example of sex is someone who meets the physical criteria of a man such as broad shoulders, facial hair, and extensive hair growth around the body. The terms are not interchangeable as gender is the mental/emotional level while sex is what a person is physically. 3) Discuss American proxemics, and the difference between that and kinesics. Some of the key differences between proxemics and kinesics is that proxemics involves the study of the physical distance of impacts between

individuals in numerous cultures and communities, whereas kinesics involves non-verbal communication through gestures and body language. 4) Discuss shamanism and why it differs from other forms of religion. What makes shamanism so different and unique compared to other forms of religion is their abilities. These abilities are different depending on the culture but some of their similarities revolve around the spiritual ability to cure the sick and accompany the souls of those who are deceased into different dimensions. 5) What is subculture and why do you think it matters more than one’s larger cultural system? A subculture is the cultural difference and characteristics between members of various ethnic groups, regions, religions and so forth within a single society or culture. It involves more on how we act on a day to day bases rather than what we do on a single day. An example of this can be something like Chicago where we are known for not putting ketchup on hot gods or even not putting cheese on our steak sandwiches. Another example of a subculture may be something like the way some of us speak. In Chicago, we would often call the movie theater “the show.” People would also create groups filled with others who have a shared interest. These include collecting sneakers, rap fans, and “metal heads” who listen to anything associated with metal. People who like metal may wear things associated with that subculture such as wearing leather jackets and having long hair. Those who are fans of rap may wear baggy clothing, golden chains, snapbacks, sports attire, or sneakers. The reason it matters more than one’s cultural system is because it develops a shared identity. This means that people are able to relate more to others who have the same interests.

ANT101003_FA_21_Final_exam

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