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Apr 3, 2024

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Set 10 Test 7 – 9 questions, 16 minutes 25 seconds – 3 errors: 1 SC, 1 RC & 1 CR // Total: 7 errors (4 SC, 1 RC & 2 CR) Directions : For this question, select the best of the answer choices given. 1. (74) Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? Using broad-spectrum weed killers on weeds that are competing with crops for sunlight, water, and nutrients presents a difficulty: how to keep the crop from being killed along with the weeds. For at least some food crops, specially treated seed that produces plants resistant to weed killers is under development. This resistance wears off as the plants mature. Therefore, the special seed treatment will be especially useful for plants that __________. О produce their crop over an extended period of time, as summer squash does О produce large seeds that are easy to treat individually, as corn and beans do О provide, as they approach maturity, shade dense enough to keep weeds from growing О are typically grown in large tracts devoted to a single crop О are cultivated specifically for the seed they produce rather than for their leaves or roots Directions : The question presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others. This question tests correctness and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, and sentence construction. Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error. 2. (97) Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world’s people is the result of a “population bottleneck”—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation. О at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers О that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers О that some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers were greatly reduced, О some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers were greatly reduced О some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their numbers greatly, Directions : The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. While the most abundant and cominant species within a particular ecosystem is often crucial in perpetuating the ecosystem, a “keystone” species, here defined as one whose effects are much larger than would be predicted from its abundance, can also play a vital role. But because complex species interactions may be involved, identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in the ecosystem is problematic. It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a species as a keystone species; for example, Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish can be a dominant species. But such predation on a 1

dominant or potentially dominant species occurs in systems that do as well as in systems that do not have species that play keystone roles. Moreover, whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, in more wave-sheltered habitats the impact of P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and at certain sites sand burial is responsible for eliminating mussels. Keystone status appears to depend on context, whether of particular geography or of such factors as community diversity (for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust more of the remaining species into keystone roles) and length of species interaction (since newly arrived species in particular may dramatically affect ecosystems). 3. (111) The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that affects the role of P. ochraceus as a keystone species within different habitats? О The degree to which the habitat is sheltered from waves О The degree to which other animals within a habitat prey on mussels О The fact that mussel populations are often not dominant within some habitats occupied by P. ochraceus О The size of the P. ochraceus population within the habitat О The fact that there is great species diversity within some habitats occupied by P. ochraceus 4. (112) Which of the following hypothetical experiments most clearly exemplifies the method of identifying species’ roles that the author considers problematic? О A population of seals in an Arctic habitat is counted in order to determine whether it is the dominant species in that ecosystem. О A species of fish that is a keystone species in one marine ecosystem is introduced into another marine ecosystem to see whether the species will come to occupy a keystone role. О In order to determine whether a species of monkey is a keystone species within a particular ecosystem, the monkeys are removed from that ecosystem and the ecosystem is then studied. О Different mountain ecosystems are compared to determine how geography affects a particular species’ ability to dominate its ecosystem. О In a grassland experiencing a changing climate, patterns of species extinction are traced in order to evaluate the effect of climate changes on keystone species in that grassland. 2

5. (113) Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the argument about keystone status advanced in the last sentence of the passage? О A species of bat is primarily responsible for keeping insect populations within an ecosystem low, and the size of the insect population in turn affects bird species within that ecosystem. О A species of iguana occupies a keystone role on certain tropical islands, but does not play that role on adjacent tropical islands that are inhabited by a greater number of animal species. О Close observation of a savannah ecosystem reveals that more species occupy keystone roles within that ecosystem than biologists had previously believed. О As a keystone species of bee becomes more abundant, it has a larger effect on the ecosystem it inhabits. О A species of moth that occupies a keystone role in a prairie habitat develops coloration patterns that camouflage it from potential predators. 6. (114) The passage suggests which of the following about the identification of a species as a keystone species? О Such an identification depends primarily on the species’ relationship to the dominant species. О Such an identification can best be made by removing the species from a particular ecosystem and observing changes that occur in the ecosystem. О Such an identification is likely to be less reliable as an ecosystem becomes less diverse. О Such an identification seems to depend on various factors within the ecosystem. О Such an identification can best be made by observing predation behavior. 3

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7. (81) Which of the following most logically completes the argument? The attribution of the choral work Lacrimae to the composer Pescard (1400-1474) has been regarded as tentative, since it was based on a single treatise from the early 1500s that named Pescard as the composer. Recently, several musical treatises from the late 1500s have come to light, all of which name Pescard as the composer of Lacrimae . Unfortunately7, these newly discovered treatises lend no support to the attribution of Lacrimae to Pescard, since __________. О the treatise from the early 1500s misidentifies the composers of some of the musical works it considers О the author of the treatise from the early 1500s had no very strong evidence on which t5o base the identification of Pescard as the composer of Lacrimae О there are works that can conclusively be attributed to Pescard that are not even mentioned in the treatise О the later treatises probably had no source for their attribution other than the earlier treatise О no known treatises from the 1600s identify Pescard as the composer of Lacrimae 8. (107) While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity. О While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity. О While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive. О Even though it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes the electricity they generate more expensive. О It costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, whereas the electricity they generate is more expensive, stemming from the fixed costs of building nuclear plants. О The cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as other types of power plants, but the electricity they generate is made more expensive because of the fixed costs stemming from building nuclear plants. 9. (111) A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies, rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation. О companies, rarely holding more than one О companies, and it is rare to hold at least one percent or more О companies and rarely do they hold more than one percent О companies, so that they rarely hold more than one percent О companies; rarely do they hold one percent or more 4

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