9781260726817_TestBank_chapter-1
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Student name:__________
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Life-span development covers the period from__________ to__________.
A)
birth; middle adulthood
B)
birth; old age
C)
conception; early adulthood
D)
conception; death
2)
Which of the following gives the
best
description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"?
A)
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and lasts through the human life span
B)
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and forms an adult’s personality and physiology
C)
the growth in skills and processes experienced from childhood through adolescence
D)
the change in personality and perspective experienced by individuals between adolescence and adulthood
3)
The study of life-span development is the study of human development from conception to death. Historically, however, most of the focus has been on which age group?
A)
birth to adolescence
B)
young adulthood
C)
adulthood
D)
old age
4)
The upper boundary of the human life span is __________ years.
A)
105
B)
117
C)
122
D)
131
5)
Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century life expectancy
A)
in the United States increased by 15 years.
B)
in the world increased by 15 years.
C)
in the United States increased by 30 years.
D)
in the world increased by 30 years.
6)
According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, which age period dominates development?
A)
infancy to childhood
B)
adolescence to early adulthood
C)
middle-aged to late adulthood
D)
No single age group dominates development.
7)
Diana feels that her human development course overemphasizes the changes that occur from birth to adolescence and disregards the developmental issues of adulthood. Which developmental perspective would address her concerns?
A)
traditional
B)
life-span
C)
ethological
D)
ecological
8)
Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a human development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional developmental approach. They disagree most centrally about
A)
the plasticity of development.
B)
the multidimensional nature of development.
C)
whether development is lifelong.
D)
whether development is multidirectional.
9)
Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?
A)
Development is not dominated by any single age period.
B)
Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
C)
Development is characterized by the expansion of some dimensions and the shrinking
of others.
D)
Psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists working together are needed to unlock the mysteries of development.
10)
Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that development is
A)
lifelong.
B)
multidirectional.
C)
multidimensional.
D)
plastic.
11)
Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is
A)
lifelong.
B)
multidisciplinary.
C)
multidirectional.
D)
contextual.
12)
Which of the following is NOT among Paul Baltes' characteristics of the life-span perspective on development?
A)
lifelong
B)
plastic
C)
contextual
D)
unidirectional
13)
The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an example of how development is
A)
lifelong.
B)
multidisciplinary.
C)
multidirectional.
D)
contextual.
14)
Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual?
A)
Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining.
B)
Parents in the United States are more likely to rear children to be independent than parents in Japan.
C)
Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making.
D)
Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines.
15)
In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is
A)
lifelong.
B)
multidisciplinary.
C)
multidirectional.
D)
contextual.
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16)
Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be classified as
A)
multidirectional.
B)
multidimensional.
C)
contextual.
D)
plastic.
17)
Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a
A)
nonnormative life event.
B)
normative history-graded influence.
C)
normative age-graded influence.
D)
nonnormative age-graded influence.
18)
The fact that I use email virtually every day and my mother has never sent or received an email is an example of a difference in
A)
normative history-graded influences.
B)
nonnormative life events.
C)
normative age-graded influences.
D)
nonnormative age-graded influence.
19)
Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are
A)
nonnormative life events.
B)
normative age-graded influences.
C)
normative history-graded influences.
D)
normative contextual influences.
20)
Neleh was on a popular reality TV show and got widespread exposure. This is an example of a
A)
nonnormative life event.
B)
normative age-graded influence.
C)
normative history-graded influence.
D)
normative contextual influence.
21)
Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on
A)
growth and maintenance.
B)
maintenance and regulation of loss.
C)
increasing plasticity.
D)
growth and regulation of loss.
22)
Contemporary concerns for researchers using the life-span perspective include
A)
health and well-being issues.
B)
parenting and education issues.
C)
sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues.
D)
All answer choices are correct.
23)
Of special consideration for social policy intervention are children who grow up
A)
in poverty.
B)
in single-parent homes.
C)
in very rural or very urban environments.
D)
as part of a minority group.
24)
Children living in poverty are more likely to
A)
be separated from a parent.
B)
be exposed to violence.
C)
be exposed to family turmoil.
D)
experience all these situations.
25)
The percentage of children living in poverty in the United States
A)
only half that of some other industrialized nations.
B)
almost twice that of Canada.
C)
the lowest among the industrial countries.
D)
not high enough to draw people’s concerns.
26)
A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is
A)
negative public attitudes and prejudices.
B)
the increase in elder abuse.
C)
access to health care and personal support.
D)
the need for funding public pensions.
27)
At age 3, Jillian is beginning to engage her imagination. This is the __________ process of Jillian's life-span development.
A)
ecological
B)
biological
C)
socioemotional
D)
cognitive
28)
Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the __________ process.
A)
neurological
B)
biological
C)
socioemotional
D)
cognitive
29)
Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked?
A)
abstract
B)
biological
C)
socioemotional
D)
cognitive
30)
Which of the following statements
best
describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development?
A)
These processes develop independently of one another.
B)
The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.
C)
Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development.
D)
Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development.
31)
The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9 months is called
A)
prenatal.
B)
infancy.
C)
early childhood.
D)
middle childhood.
32)
Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in?
A)
prenatal
B)
infancy
C)
early childhood
D)
middle/late childhood
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33)
Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is beginning to develop his language and sensorimotor coordination. What period of development is he most likely in?
A)
prenatal
B)
infancy
C)
early childhood
D)
middle/late childhood
34)
The period of early childhood typically ends when the child
A)
is toilet trained.
B)
learns to dress.
C)
starts first grade.
D)
has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic.
35)
Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. She is mostly likely in what stage of development?
A)
middle childhood
B)
late childhood
C)
adolescence
D)
primary years
36)
Most traditional undergraduate college students are experiencing which of the following developmental periods?
A)
late childhood
B)
emerging adulthood
C)
middle adulthood
D)
late adulthood
37)
Paulo is struggling to handle his first professional job and a new marriage while becoming more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in?
A)
late childhood
B)
adolescence
C)
early adulthood
D)
middle adulthood
38)
Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young people. What period of development is
he most likely in?
A)
late adulthood
B)
middle adulthood
C)
early adulthood
D)
stability and regulation
39)
Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed; however, she needs to pay more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in
A)
late adolescence.
B)
early adulthood.
C)
middle adulthood.
D)
late adulthood.
40)
At which of the following ages did the highest percentage of people in the United States report that they were happy? A)
19 years
B)
23 years
C)
42 years
D)
88 years
41)
On average, at what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group, as classified by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith?
A)
50 years
B)
65 years
C)
75 years
D)
85 years
42)
What developmental period (as determined by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith) is marked by sizeable losses in cognitive potential, chronic stress, and frailty?
A)
middle adulthood
B)
late adulthood
C)
young old
D)
oldest old
43)
Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these students most likely in?
A)
middle childhood
B)
late childhood
C)
adolescence
D)
young adulthood
44)
Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his __________ age.
A)
social
B)
biological
C)
chronological
D)
psychological
45)
Which of the following is NOT one of the conceptions of age as described in the text?
A)
biological age
B)
cardiovascular age
C)
social age
D)
psychological age
46)
Becoming a grandmother is an example of__________ age.
A)
biological
B)
cognitive
C)
social
D)
psychological
47)
The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate__________ age.
A)
chronological
B)
biological
C)
psychological
D)
social
48)
Jerry is 60 years old. He has strong muscles, excellent lung capacity, and very high cardiovascular health. Jerry is relatively young in his __________ age.
A)
chronological
B)
biological
C)
psychological
D)
social
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49)
A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are reflected in their__________ age.
A)
psychological
B)
social
C)
biological
D)
coping
50)
Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that Brent's father had ADHD as well. Brent most likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by
A)
nature.
B)
nurture.
C)
stability.
D)
continuity.
51)
In the nature/nurture debate, one's __________ is related to "nature," while one's __________ is related to "nurture."
A)
biological inheritance;
environment
B)
age; environment
C)
biological inheritance; behavior
D)
environment; biological inheritance
52)
During her intake interview, Jody's psychiatrist asks for a familial history of mental disorders, as well as for details about her childhood friends, neighborhood, and schools. The psychiatrist is gathering information related to the influence of __________ on development.
A)
biology and environment
B)
biology and cognitive acuity
C)
environment and coping skills
D)
cognitive acuity and coping skills
53)
Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This example most directly relates to the developmental issue of
A)
stability and nature.
B)
stability and change.
C)
continuity and discontinuity.
D)
nature and nurture.
54)
In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that
A)
development is more continuous than discontinuous.
B)
for the most part, people can't change.
C)
nature is more important than nurture.
D)
development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is it characterized by continuity and discontinuity and also by stability and change.
55)
The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following?
A)
stability
B)
change
C)
nature
D)
nurture
56)
A caterpillar spends time as a caterpillar, then in a distinct period in a chrysalis, and then emerges as a butterfly. In terms of development, this is
A)
discontinuity.
B)
continuity.
C)
gradual change.
D)
quantitative change.
57)
Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This relates most directly to which developmental issue?
A)
multidirectionality
B)
multidimensionality
C)
nature and nurture
D)
stability and change
58)
The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts?
A)
plasticity
B)
contextualism
C)
multidimensionalism
D)
multidirectionality
59)
Consider the following: Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect research information, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps describe
A)
discontinuity in development.
B)
the scientific method.
C)
a hypothesis.
D)
a theory.
60)
Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her master's thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in getting started?
A)
analyzing the information she has gathered
B)
drawing conclusions from the collected data
C)
conceptualizing the problem to be studied
D)
beginning to collect information
61)
Which of the following is NOT true of theories and the application of theories?
A)
A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena.
B)
A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps make predictions.
C)
When studying a topic, it is advisable to choose one developmental theory and disregard all others.
D)
A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that may suggest hypotheses.
62)
Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on
A)
the unconscious mind.
B)
thinking, reasoning, language, and other cognitive processes.
C)
behavior's link to environment.
D)
biology and evolution.
63)
Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development?
A)
the child’s cognitive creativity
B)
genes inherited from parents
C)
late experiences with parents
D)
early experiences with parents
64)
Ben has repressed his sexual urges and has started to develop social and intellectual skills. Ben is in the psychosexual stage called the__________ stage.
A)
phallic
B)
anal
C)
latency
D)
oral
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65)
Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following aspects of human development?
A)
experiences in early life
B)
psychosexual
C)
experiences in late life
D)
psychosocial
66)
Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are
A)
developmental turning points with increased vulnerability.
B)
developmental turning points with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials.
C)
catastrophic events that toughen the individual for future crises.
D)
developmental turning points with enhanced potentials.
67)
According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the __________ stage.
A)
trust versus mistrust
B)
initiative versus guilt
C)
industry versus inferiority
D)
identity versus identity confusion
68)
At the airport, 4-year-old Kelly is encouraged by her mom to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel. According to Erikson's stage theory, Kelly's mom is helping Kelly develop
A)
trust.
B)
her identity.
C)
initiative.
D)
altruism.
69)
The successful outcome of Erikson's stage of__________ results in assertion of a sense of independence.
A)
autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)
initiative versus guilt
C)
industry versus inferiority
D)
identity versus identity confusion
70)
Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development, with each stage being qualitatively different from the one preceding. His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy?
A)
discontinuity
B)
multidirectionality
C)
stability
D)
nature
71)
If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively construct their own view of the world but with very little consideration of social interaction, then you are mostly likely to believe the development theory of
A)
Vygotsky.
B)
Piaget.
C)
Erikson.
D)
Freud.
72)
While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on __________ in explaining child cognitive development.
A)
social interaction
B)
concrete operations
C)
formal operations
D)
organization and adaptation
73)
Carlos is just starting to learn about the world. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory, which of the following would be among the most important tools he will use to do this?
A)
mobility
B)
sensory perceptions
C)
language
D)
physical tools
74)
Which of the following identifies a cognitive theorist or a pair of cognitive theorists?
A)
Vygotsky
B)
Freud
C)
Erikson
D)
Freud and Erikson
75)
Which of the following is a central focus of the information-processing approach?
A)
the influence of culture on development
B)
how individuals store and retrieve information
C)
the stage-like advances in an individual’s capability to recognize internal cognitive processes
D)
the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development
76)
Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it?
A)
ethological theory
B)
Piaget's cognitive development theory
C)
information-processing theory
D)
psychoanalytic theory
77)
Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous?
A)
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
B)
Freud's theory of psychosexual development
C)
information-processing theory
D)
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
78)
Behaviorism argues that we should only study scientifically that which can be__________ and__________.
A)
observed; measured
B)
observed; changed
C)
learned; changed
D)
rewarded; punished
79)
Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day. According to Skinner, the best
way to solve this problem is to
A)
explore experiences from Nathan's early childhood.
B)
administer an IQ test to determine Nathan's cognitive potential.
C)
determine how Nathan's expectations about success have led him to develop this behavior.
D)
show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so.
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80)
Which theory would provide the best
support for your belief in using incentives and time-
outs as ways to help children behave?
A)
Skinner's behaviorism
B)
Piaget's cognitive theory
C)
Erikson's psychosocial stages
D)
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
81)
Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories?
A)
inadequate attention to environmental determinants
B)
inadequate attention to developmental changes
C)
inadequate attention to behavioral changes
D)
inadequate attention to how people learn
82)
A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is
A)
the limits of scientific research.
B)
environmental influences on behavior.
C)
the role of unconsciousness in behavior.
D)
an emphasis on the role of cognition in development.
83)
Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of
A)
Erikson's developmental crises.
B)
Piaget's cognitive stages.
C)
Skinner's operant conditioning.
D)
Bandura's observational learning.
84)
Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. The focus of Bandura’s early research, sometimes called modeling, suggests that her children will most likely
A)
learn quickly not to disobey.
B)
learn to hit others in similar situations.
C)
become well-behaved people.
D)
rebel and become more disobedient.
85)
The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called
A)
positive reinforcement.
B)
bonding.
C)
the sensitive period.
D)
imprinting.
86)
Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?
A)
ecological
B)
behavioral
C)
cognitive
D)
ethological
87)
Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her belief is consistent with which theory?
A)
cognitive
B)
ecological
C)
ethological
D)
behavioral
88)
Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support?
A)
ecological
B)
social learning
C)
ethological
D)
cognitive
89)
Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby, what might the consequence of this be?
A)
The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth.
B)
Life-span development will likely not be optimal.
C)
As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced.
D)
The outcome will depend on the child's temperament.
90)
While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of
A)
cognition.
B)
parental genes.
C)
the environment.
D)
evolution.
91)
Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to
A)
environmental settings.
B)
biological and cognitive factors.
C)
social and cognitive factors.
D)
microdimensions of culture.
92)
Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of
liberal parents. When we compare such differences in studying ecological systems, we are focusing on differences in the
A)
microsystem.
B)
mesosystem.
C)
exosystem.
D)
macrosystem.
93)
Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child’s relations with him. This relationship between Shawn’s job and his child’s development illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a(n)
A)
microsystem.
B)
exosystem.
C)
chronosystem.
D)
macrosystem.
94)
Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes’ assertion that development is contextual?
A)
psychoanalytic
B)
social cognitive
C)
ecological
D)
ethological
95)
Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's
A)
microsystem.
B)
mesosystem.
C)
exosystem.
D)
macrosystem.
96)
An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that
A)
development is a predictable and rigid process.
B)
no single theory can account for all of human development.
C)
the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts.
D)
contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950.
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97)
A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using?
A)
dynamic
B)
eclectic
C)
fragmented
D)
ethological
98)
The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate?
A)
eclectic
B)
life-span
C)
psychoanalytic
D)
social learning
99)
A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a
A)
case study.
B)
naturalistic observation.
C)
standardized test.
D)
survey.
100)
Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory?
A)
In a laboratory setting, the subjects likely know they are being observed.
B)
The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting.
C)
Participants will behave more naturally in a natural setting.
D)
A laboratory setting may unfairly represent certain populations.
101)
Dr. Sam collects data on how often strangers approach one another by sitting at the park on weekend afternoons and jotting down what people do. One strength of this observational approach is that it
A)
occurs in a real-world setting.
B)
involves a structured set of interview questions.
C)
allows for a great deal of control over the observational setting.
D)
shows how people behave when they know they are being observed.
102)
Which method is being used when market researchers call consumers on the telephone to ask about certain products used in the home?
A)
case study
B)
standardized test
C)
naturalistic observation
D)
interview
103)
What is the main problem with survey research?
A)
It is expensive to conduct.
B)
Participants may give inaccurate responses.
C)
It is only biased or unclear.
D)
It cannot be conducted in a laboratory setting.
104)
Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with standardized tests?
A)
People may behave differently in different settings.
B)
Their use assumes that people’s behaviors are consistent and stable.
C)
People’s performances may be influenced by their emotions in different settings.
D)
They allow an individual’s performance to be compared with that of another.
105)
Which of the following is NOT a drawback of using a case study to explore a developmental issue?
A)
The unique aspects of one person’s life cannot be tested in other individuals.
B)
Conclusions of case studies have unknown reliability.
C)
Conclusions drawn from case studies are unique and cannot be generalized to other members of a population.
D)
It may focus on nearly any aspect of the participant’s life that will help the researcher to understand the person’s mind and behavior.
106)
A researcher chooses to study one pregnant teen in great detail by taking frequent measures of her behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Which method does this researcher use?
A)
case study
B)
questionnaire
C)
standardized test
D)
naturalistic observation
107)
Someone with an extremely rare psychological disorder would most likely be studied using what method?
A)
questionnaire
B)
survey
C)
case study
D)
naturalistic observation
108)
Assessment of hormones in the bloodstream is a type of
A)
physiological measure.
B)
standardized test.
C)
case study.
D)
naturalistic observation.
109)
Which research design aims to observe and record behavior?
A)
experimental
B)
descriptive
C)
correlational
D)
All answer choices are correct.
110)
If it is shown that people who eat bananas are more likely to have diabetes, it does not necessarily mean that bananas cause diabetes, because __________ does not equal __________.
A)
experimentation; causation
B)
experimentation; correlation
C)
causation; correlation
D)
correlation; causation
111)
If a researcher finds that the number of positive statements parents say to their children is positively correlated with the children's self-esteem, the researcher could correctly conclude that
A)
more negative parental feedback causes low self-esteem in children.
B)
more positive parental feedback causes high self-esteem in children.
C)
more positive parental feedback is related to low self-esteem in children.
D)
more positive parental feedback is related to high self-esteem in children.
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112)
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
A)
−0.93
B)
+0.87
C)
+0.13
D)
−0.47
113)
A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates
A)
no relationship between variables.
B)
a positive correlation between variables.
C)
an inverse relationship between variables.
D)
a higher relationship between variables than if the coefficient is −1.
114)
Which research method is used to determine causality?
A)
correlational
B)
experimental
C)
observational
D)
descriptive
115)
Dr. Lewis wants to determine the physical effects of ADHD medication dosages on children aged 8 to 15. What kind of study will he most likely conduct?
A)
descriptive
B)
experimental
C)
longitudinal
D)
correlational
116)
Which of the following is manipulated during an experiment?
A)
dependent variable
B)
correlation coefficient
C)
independent variable
D)
observed effect
117)
A psychologist designs an experiment to determine if the number of adults’ eye contacts with children would increase the number of children's smiles. In this study, the number of
A)
children’s smiles is the independent variable.
B)
adults’ eye contacts with children is the dependent variable.
C)
adults’ eye contacts with children is the independent variable.
D)
children’s smiles is the correlative variable.
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118)
A researcher studies the effect of exercise on stamina. Participants are randomly assigned
to be in an exercise or no-exercise group for 12 weeks. Stamina is then measured by how long participants can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is
A)
the number of minutes participants spend comfortably on the treadmill.
B)
whether the participants are in the exercise program or not.
C)
the heart rate during the exercise program.
D)
whether the duration of the exercise program is 12 weeks or longer.
119)
In an experiment to determine the effects of an antidepressant medication, half the subjects receive the medication and half receive a placebo, which is a harmless sugar pill without any medication effects. The group of people who receive the placebo is the __________ group.
A)
random
B)
control
C)
experimental
D)
correlation
120)
Random assignment is used in experiments because researchers want to
A)
guarantee that the results will be statistically significant.
B)
ensure that people from different social classes will be in separate groups.
C)
ensure that the experimental results are not merely correlational.
D)
reduce the likelihood that the experiment's results will be due to any preexisting differences between the experimental and control groups.
121)
To chart the development of gross motor coordination over the life span, researchers tested individuals ranging in age from childhood to old age. Which approach did they take?
A)
cross-sectional
B)
longitudinal
C)
both cross-sectional and longitudinal
D)
neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
122)
Professor Fischer observes a group of participants over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research is this?
A)
cross-sectional
B)
longitudinal
C)
both cross-sectional and longitudinal
D)
neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
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123)
Sheri answered a life satisfaction rating survey every 5 years between the ages of 20 and 65. What type of study was this?
A)
cross-sectional
B)
naturalistic observation
C)
longitudinal
D)
experimental
124)
Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT
A)
a person's time of birth.
B)
a person's era.
C)
a person's actual age.
D)
a person's generation.
125)
How do individuals of the generation Z/post-millennial generation differ from millennials?
A)
They are more likely to go to college.
B)
They are more likely to share the political views of their parents.
C)
They are less ethnically diverse than millennials.
D)
They are less likely to have a college-educated parent.
126)
Before his study begins, Dr. Holly lets the subjects know that their participation will include a small, weekly time commitment and may arouse negative thoughts and feelings about past academic experiences. This is an example of
A)
deception.
B)
debriefing.
C)
confidentiality.
D)
informed consent.
127)
Which of the following is NOT a form of bias that is discussed in the textbook?
A)
gender
B)
socioeconomic
C)
cultural
D)
ethnic
128)
The term ethnic gloss
refers to a tendency to make ethnic groups appear to
A)
be more homogeneous than they really are.
B)
be more diverse than they really are.
C)
commit more crimes than they actually do.
D)
be more different than each other than they really are.
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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
129)
Define
development
and discuss the period it encompasses.
130)
Describe how the traditional approach to development differs from the life-span approach.
131)
Describe each of Paul Baltes' life-span development characteristics.
132)
List the three types of contextual influences that affect development in Baltes’ contextual component of development, and give an example of each.
133)
Briefly define
biological processes
,
cognitive processes
, and
socioemotional processes
.
134)
Identify and briefly describe the four ways that age has been conceptualized.
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135)
Briefly discuss the nature-nurture issue.
136)
Briefly discuss the stability-change issue.
137)
Given the choices, identify which developmental issue is addressed in each of the following questions.
1.
Can enriched experiences in adolescence reduce or eclipse the negative effects of poverty
and/or neglect in very early childhood?
2.
Is a girl less likely to do well in math because of a masculine bias in society, or would her
biological or genetic aptitude primarily determine her skill in mathematics?
3.
Does development occur primarily in distinct stages or in a more gradual and cumulative manner?
b.
stability and change
c.
continuity and discontinuity
d.
nature and nurture
138)
Briefly discuss the difference between developmentalists who favor stability and those who favor change in reference to the stability-change issue.
139)
Briefly discuss the continuity-discontinuity issue.
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140)
What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
141)
List Freud's five psychosexual stages in order.
142)
In what way do the ethological and ecological theories of development relate to the nature-nurture issue?
143)
List three of the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, and give a brief definition of each.
144)
What is an eclectic approach and why is it recommended for studying life-span development?
145)
Briefly describe observation, survey and interview, standardized testing, case study, and physiological measures as types of data collecting in research.
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146)
Briefly describe the cross-sectional approach to research.
147)
Briefly describe the longitudinal approach to research.
148)
Describe three ethical concerns regarding research.
149)
Explain the concept of
ethnic gloss
.
150)
List one contribution and one criticism of psychoanalytic theories.
151)
List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.
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152)
List one contribution and one criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories of development.
153)
Compare and contrast ethological and ecological theories.
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Answer Key
Test name: chapter 1
1)
D
2)
A
3)
A
4)
C
5)
C
6)
D
7)
B
8)
C
9)
C
10)
C
11)
A
12)
D
13)
C
14)
B
15)
D
16)
C
17)
B
18)
A
19)
B
20)
A
21)
B
22)
D
23)
A
24)
D
25)
B
26)
C
27)
D
28)
C
29)
B
30)
B
31)
A
32)
C
33)
B
34)
C
35)
A
36)
B
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37)
C
38)
B
39)
D
40)
D
41)
D
42)
D
43)
C
44)
D
45)
B
46)
C
47)
B
48)
B
49)
A
50)
A
51)
A
52)
A
53)
B
54)
D
55)
B
56)
A
57)
D
58)
A
59)
B
60)
C
61)
C
62)
A
63)
D
64)
C
65)
D
66)
B
67)
B
68)
C
69)
A
70)
A
71)
B
72)
A
73)
C
74)
A
75)
B
76)
C
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77)
C
78)
A
79)
D
80)
A
81)
B
82)
B
83)
D
84)
B
85)
D
86)
D
87)
C
88)
C
89)
B
90)
C
91)
B
92)
A
93)
B
94)
C
95)
C
96)
B
97)
B
98)
A
99)
B
100)
B
101)
A
102)
D
103)
B
104)
D
105)
D
106)
A
107)
C
108)
A
109)
B
110)
D
111)
D
112)
A
113)
A
114)
B
115)
B
116)
C
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117)
C
118)
A
119)
B
120)
D
121)
A
122)
B
123)
C
124)
C
125)
A
126)
D
127)
B
128)
A
129)
Short Answer
Development is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
130)
Short Answer
In the traditional approach, focus is placed on dramatic change occurring from birth to adolescence, with particular emphasis on infancy, little or no change in adult development, and decline in old age. In the life-span approach, developmental change takes place throughout the human life span.
131)
Short Answer
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Lifelong: No one age period dominates development. Issues are worthy of study from birth until death.
Multidimensional: Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional components comprise development.
Multidirectional: Development is characterized by expansion of some dimensions or components of dimensions and shrinking of others.
Plasticity: Development includes the capacity for change across the life span.
Multidisciplinary: Understanding development requires the study of many subjects—
psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, medicine, and so on.
Contextual: Individuals are changing beings in a changing world. Environment and situation affect development.
Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss: Three aspects of development—growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss—will compete in differing quantities according to the developmental stage. Maintenance and regulation of loss will become more important in middle and old age.
Co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual: Our genetic inheritance, our environment, and our own self-directed learning and decisions will work together to influence development.
132)
Short Answer
1. Normative age-graded influences: puberty, menopause, entry into formal education, retirement
2. Normative history-graded influences: economic changes (the Great Depression), war, the changing roles of women, the computer revolution, political upheaval and change
3. Nonnormative life events: death of a parent when a child is young, pregnancy in early adolescence, a disaster, an accident, winning the lottery
133)
Short Answer
Biological processes involve changes in the individual's physical nature.
Cognitive processes involve changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Socioemotional processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.
134)
Short Answer
1. Chronological age: the number of years that have elapsed since a person's birth
2. Biological age: a person's age in terms of biological health
3. Psychological age: an individual's adaptive capacities compared to those of other individuals of the same chronological age
4. Social age: social roles and social connectedness with others that a person adopts
135)
Short Answer
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This issue involves the debate about whether development is influenced primarily by an individual’s genetic blueprint or biological inheritance (nature) or by environmental experiences (nurture).
136)
Short Answer
This issue concerns whether we become older renditions of our early experiences or whether we have the capacity to develop into something different based on experiences later in life. The relative weight of influence of early and late experiences is key to the debate between stability and change perspectives.
137)
Short Answer
1: a, 2: c, 3: b
138)
Short Answer
Those who favor stability argue that infant and early childhood experiences are most important in shaping human development, whereas those who emphasize change believe that people are malleable throughout development and that later experiences are equally important in shaping development.
139)
Short Answer
The focus of this issue is on whether development involves gradual, cumulative change from conception to death (continuity), or whether development occurs in distinct stages or phases across the life span (discontinuity).
140)
Short Answer
A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions. A hypothesis is a specific assertion and prediction that can be tested. Hypotheses may be suggested by theories.
141)
Short Answer
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
142)
Short Answer
The ethological theory of development stresses biological factors in development, or the influence of nature. Ecological theory emphasizes environmental contexts in which development takes place and is thus more consistent with “nurture.”
143)
Short Answer
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Microsystem: setting in which the individual lives
Mesosystem: relationships between microsystems or connections between contexts
Exosystem: interplay between an individual’s immediate social setting and another social setting
in which the individual does not have an active role
Macrosystem: the culture in which individuals live
Chronosystem: the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances
144)
Short Answer
An eclectic orientation does not follow any one theoretical approach completely but selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory. No single theory has been able to account for all aspects of life-span development, but each theory has made important contributions to our understanding of development. Different theories contain many ideas that are complimentary and
explain different aspects and issues in development.
145)
Short Answer
Observation: Observation includes watching participants and being scientifically alert to the behavior to be studied. Observations must be systematic and can occur in natural or laboratory settings.
Survey and Interview: Participants answer questions either through an person-to-person, interview, through a questionnaire, on the telephone, or over the Internet. A disadvantage to this type of study is that participants may not answer questions accurately.
Standardized testing: Standardized testing is an evaluative measure with uniform administration procedures that yields results that often allow participants to be compared to other participants.
Case study: A case study is an in-depth look at a single individual. Case studies are performed when it may not be ethical or practical to induce a situation to be studied.
Physiological measures: These are aspects of development that can be assessed medically, such as hormone levels in the body or neuroimaging to capture brain activity.
146)
Short Answer
The cross-sectional approach is a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages.
147)
Short Answer
The longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
148)
Short Answer
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Informed consent: Participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
Confidentiality: The psychologist must keep all data gathered on individuals confidential and, when possible, anonymous.
Debriefing: The researcher must inform participants of the purpose and methods used in a study after the study has been completed.
Deception: In some circumstances, researchers may mislead participants as to the purpose of a study. In all cases of deception, the psychologist must ensure that the deception will not harm the
participants, and that the participants will be told the actual nature of the study as soon as possible after the study is completed (debriefing).
149)
Short Answer
Ethnic gloss involves using an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is. This can cause researchers to obtain samples of ethnic groups that are not representative of the group's diversity, which can lead to overgeneralization and stereotyping.
150)
Short Answer
Contributions:
–Early experiences play an important part in development.
–Family relationships are a central aspect of development.
–Unconscious aspects of the mind need to be considered.
–Erikson's theory acknowledges development during adulthood as well as during childhood.
Criticisms:
–Many note the lack of scientific support for psychoanalytic theories.
–Sexual underpinnings of development in Freud's theory are given too much importance.
–Images of human beings are too negative.
151)
Short Answer
Contributions:
–An individual's active construction of understanding and developmental changes in thinking is emphasized.
Criticisms:
–Inadequate attention is devoted to individual differences in development.
–There is skepticism about the pureness of Piaget’s stages.
152)
Short Answer
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Contributions:
–Scientific research is emphasized.
–Environmental determinants of behavior are addressed.
Criticisms:
–Too little emphasis is placed on cognition (Skinner).
–Inadequate attention is paid to developmental changes.
153)
Short Answer
Ethological theory holds that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and evolution. Ecological theory puts more emphasis on the environmental contexts in which development occurs and less on biology.
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