ATH-320- 6-2 Final Project Part I Submission_ Cultural Ethics Analysis Report (1) (2)

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Raven DeJesus ATH-320 6-2 Final Project Part I Submission: Cultural Ethics Analysis Report Additional parties The two additional parties that would be most interested in these findings are Native American local groups, town folks, and community governments. Brief statement of interest The reason why local Native American groups would be interested in the recent discoveries because these discoveries could be closely related to their ancestors, and local groups may have cultural and religious connections. Local Native American groups may be interested because these discoveries provide context on how vital Native Americans are to the history of America. Local towns folks would be interested in archaeological discoveries because these discoveries would provide tangible links of places, events, and people to specific communities. Town folks would also be interested because the discovery could give insight into how people lived and the experiences of those in the past. Town folks would also be interested in the discovery because it could provide insight into the behaviors and cultures of old town people. Previous landowners would be interested in archaeological discovery because they needed to learn a lot about the property's history and find an artifact that could help archaeologists determine the type of sites they were excavating. With the help of archaeologists, the value of the land would increase. Private universities will be interested in new archaeological discoveries for educational

purposes. These archeological discoveries could be used to teach students about culture and people closely related to the discovery. Universities may also be interested in archaeological discoveries to expand scientific understanding, to understand the past, and to understand human history, culture, and local heritage. State governments would be interested in archaeological discovery because it is a way to learn about the state's pre-euro European contact and historical population. They would be interested in the discovery because it could give the state government insight into the early people and culture of the state. Description of invested parties Previous landowners would be interested in the homestead because of the economic benefits or hindrances. Due to the nature or type of Homestead, the previous owners may need help to develop the land or make a profit. Private universities may be interested in discovering the homestead for historical purposes. These historical homesteads can provide insight into past cultures, teaching university students about past cultures and lifestyles within that area, or community. For the university, the discovery of the homestead can provide essential knowledge or raise more questions about past cultures within the United States. State governments would be invested in the archaeological discovery of the homestead because of its financial and historical value. The state government can preserve the historic site while opening it up to the public and earning money from the tourists and events that could be hosted at that historical place. Local Native American groups would be invested in discovering the burial mounds because of religious and cultural values. For local Native American groups, these buried

amounts could be connected to essential individuals within their communities, like Chieftains or shamans. Within Native American culture, burial mounds were built to commemorate those Chieftains and or influential people who were important to their tribe. Townfolks and community would be invested in the archeological discovery of burial mounds for historical and economic purposes. Financially, the burial mounds can attract tourists and bring money into The local economy. From a more historical point of view, Towns folks and local communities I would be invested because the burial mounds can have cultural significance to them, and the People within. Literature review / Ethical behavior statement Previous Landowners: Library of Virginia . (n.d.). https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/research_notes_20.pdf DHR Archives - DHR . (2023, October 30). DHR. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/programs/dhr- archives/ The First Source is from the Library of Virginia, which contains most of the rich history of Virginia and information on land grants and land holdings going back generations. The second source is the Virginia Department of Historical Archives, which contains information on landowners going back generations in Virginia and other important historical events. Previous landowners owned the ground for five generations, so we can't be entirely sure that their previous family members haven't tried something similar in the past. However, since something has yet to be done with the archaeological findings, we can assume that previous owners have not been involved in something similar. Their involvement in the archaeological

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discovery isn't motivated by unethical behavior, as they have sold the land to a private university. Also, the discoveries contained no looting or disturbances, meaning while they still owned the property, they could have sold the artifacts but didn't. Private University: - INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION; OTHER EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS . (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2023, from https://law.lis.virginia.gov/library/cov/Title23.1.pdf Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville . (n.d.). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/442/ The first Source pretends to follow laws, codes, and ordinances the higher educational facilities must follow regarding property-owning and purchasing. The second source gives us a glimpse into the stewardship of a world heritage site and the University of Virginia. Both sources could explain why private institutions may be interested in the archaeological site. We have yet to determine if the Institution was involved with something similar without their disclosure and further investigation on our part. But given this is an institution of higher education, there could be a strong possibility. There is no way of knowing if the private university's interest is motivated by unethical behavior. However, given that there has been little resistance from the institution, they could be invested in the discovery for educational purposes. State Government: Benderson. (n.d.). Cultural Property Law . Retrieved November 18, 2023, from https://www.justice.gov/usao/file/834826/download Deur, D., & Butler, V. L. (2016, March 21). Incorporating Archaeology Into Local Government Historic Preservation and Planning: A Review of Current Practice. Journal of the American Planning Association , 82 (2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1137222 The First Source is about the government's cultural property law. This gives us insight into the

cultural property laws created to protect artifacts from damage, unauthorized excavation, or defacement on public or tribal land. The Second Source is about incorporating archaeology into local government historic preservation and planning. This Source touches on the conservation of sites and local government educating the public regarding the importance and need to protect these places. Since this is a state government, they could have gone through similar situations. Also, people have settled in Virginia for 22,000 years, so some artifacts and settlements are littered throughout Virginia. This means that the government has likely been through a similar situation. Their involvement would not be inherently unethical if they were not actively trying to prevent further site research. In truth, they may want to preserve the site and its rich history. They also would like to gather information about tribes and cultures that may have lived there. Local Native American Groups: Nansemond Indian Nation - Official Tribal Website . (2022, June 21). Nansemond Indian Nation. https://nansemond.gov/ Wood. (n.d.). The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail . Retrieved November 19, 2023, from https://www.virginiahumanities.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/VA-Indian-Trail-Guide.pdf The First Source is a site created by indigenous tribes in Virginia. This site gives us information on programs where Indigenous people collaborate with local community schools in Virginia to educate children about native history, traditions, and culture. The site also gives information on the government and Native Indigenous peoples’ collaboration on programs for environmental assistance. The second source touches on the collaboration between archaeologists and Indigenous people on native american archaeological sites. Since Virginia has had people living in the state for thousands of years, local native tribes

probably have fought to preserve the land and artifacts that once belonged to their ancestors. Meaning they have been through something similar before. Local Native American groups.’ involvement won't be motivated by unethical behavior as their sole purpose for many generations is to protect their history. Local Townsfolk And Community Government: Certified Local Government - DHR . (2023, October 30). DHR. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/programs/certified-local-government/ Collections at the Alexandria Archaeology Museum . (n.d.). City of Alexandria, VA. https://www.alexandriava.gov/archaeology/collections-at-the-alexandria-archaeology-museum The first Source is about certified local government designation for preserving historical sites. It allows for local governments to be a part of historical preservation in their communities. The second source gives us a look at the collection and preservation of artifacts from within the community of Alexandria. This is relevant to the current archaeological site as it gives us insight into the potential of local communities and the preservation of the Native archaeological sites. Given that the artifacts found on both sites were undisturbed and there are no previous records of these sites, we can guess that local community governments and town folks have yet to be involved in something similar. We can’t determine if the involvement is motivated by unethical behavior, as they have not actively tried to stop further research or discard artifacts. So, it would be safe to say that the motives are ethical and about preserving each historic site. I: Thoroughly Analyzed Claim Previous landowners would want to be involved in archaeological discovery because their interest could be to increase the monetary value of the profit; however, given that they have already sold the property, they may want to be genuinely helpful and are curious about the

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potential discoveries. They would also be interested because the information about the property's history could help shape future development. Private universities would be involved in archaeological discovery because this discovery is on their land. They may also want to understand human history, and by being engaged in the discovery, private universities may want to be a part of finding new and exciting facts about previous societies or groups that lived there. These findings could draw future students as well. State governments would be involved in archaeological discovery because they would want to ensure people involved with the site follow the National Preservation Act and the Archaeological Research Protection Act. These acts provide identification and protection of historic resources. They also offer protection for archaeological sites on public and Indigenous land. Local Native American groups would want to be involved in the archaeological Discovery because there are no findings that could give more insight into their ancestors and previous cultures related to them. They may also want to be involved because these discoveries could supply them with more tangible links to their forebears. Local communities and townsfolk would be interested in archaeological discoveries becauses the discovery could also provide an actual link to the past of local communities and their descendants. These descendants could commemorate their progenitors by visiting the site, leaving flowers, and so on. II: Negatively Or Positively Affect The Archaeological Discovery Previous landowners could negatively affect the archaeological discovery because they would focus on the monetary value this discovery could bring. It wouldn't be on the site's preservation,

resulting in the artifacts being damaged and lost forever. Private universities could positively affect archaeological discovery by doing projects like cemetery records, which help preserve cultural information and educate students on the importance of these sites. Due to the academic range and resources, private universities could help increase research, giving a more significant source to draw from when researching the site. They could also provide a financial factor, providing funds to help keep artifacts safe and from being destroyed. These funds could also help with assessment, excavation, laboratory processing, and reporting, which can be costly. State governments could positively affect archaeological discovery because they could protect resources. They could give money for the continued excavation of sites. When state governments recognize the historic place; they can implement protections to prevent potential looting and vandalism. Local Native American groups can positively affect archaeological discovery by providing insight into the cultural practices through mutual collaboration. They can provide their knowledge of plants and astronomical observations, which can help archaeologists understand past peoples' environments and how they used plants. Indigenous knowledge of astronomy could give insight into the ancient individual's relationship with the celestial body. Local communities could positively affect archaeological discovery by sharing local knowledge and cultural preservation. However, local communities can negatively accept archaeological discoveries to increase visitation, which can deteriorate the site and artifacts. Biases Previous landowner

Previous landowners would want ownership of the archeological sites because their family has owned the property for five generations. The discoveries made could point to their relatives being slave owners, which is something they might not want to be associated with. There is also a chance the family would wish to visit any family relics and trinkets they find. Private Universities Private universities would want ownership of the archeological site because the findings could bring notoriety and investors. Investors would like to put more money into the school, especially if they spearhead the site's exploration and excavation, which could bring about new essential facts of our country's history. This new cash flow could fund programs and new facilities for the school. State Governments The state government would want to take ownership of the archeological site to protect the site from vandalism and looting. However, they could also want to take ownership of the site to prevent archeological discoveries and continue building the four-lane highway connecting the two major highways. If proper authorities found out that the site contained essential indigenous artifacts, then the site would fall under the National Land Preservation and Archeological Resource Protection Act, which would protect the site and prevent highway construction. Local Native American Groups

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Local native american groups would want ownership of the site because this site could enlighten local tribes on the life of their ancestors and their costumes. They would also want ownership to protect the spirits of their ancestors from being destroyed. They could also wish to Decolonize archeology. “ Decolonization refers to deconstructing colonial ideologies of the superiority and privilege of Western thought and approaches. On the one hand, decolonization involves dismantling structures that perpetuate the status quo, problematizing dominant discourses, and addressing unbalanced power dynamics. (Antoine, 2018). Local Towns Folka And Comunity Government Local towns folks and governments would be interested in ownership for historical value and cultural self-reflection. Cultural self-reflection is “a way to understand yourself or an institution by examining how your culture shapes who you are.”(Goodman, 2015). They may also be interested in the economic value the site could bring to the surrounding community as a tourist attraction. Impact The biases of previous landowners could affect the goal of the archeological site. After all, their focus could try to steer archeologists away from looking further into the history of the homestead and enslaved individuals because they didn’t want to be associated with such a dark history. Private universities could affect the goal of archeologists becuses their focus would be on gaining notoriety, which could lead to improper care of the site and overlooked artifacts that they deem unimportant. State government's bias could impact the archeological goal of the site

becuses they don’t want any discoveries to be perused as it impedes the construction of the highway, which could result in the covering up or destruction of critical sites. Local native american groups baize could impact the goal of the site because they could help archeologists gain more insight into the past of the indigenous people related to the site with the sharing of their knowledge. Local townsfolks and government baise could impact the arcological goal of the sight by sharing information related to the homestead and area, which could help archeologists attain new information. Local government and townfolk baise could impact the archeological goal of the site because their focus would be on bringing tourism to the site to make money, which could harm, erode, and damage essential artifacts. Similarities and Differences One of the similarities between indigenous knowledge and Western scientific methods research is that both are continuously authenticated through repetition and verification. A second similarity is both observing and collecting data. A third similarity between the two is both identify a series of events. One difference between indigenous knowledge and the Western scientific method is indigenous knowledge pertains to a specific place, while Western scientific methods search for universal rules. A second difference is that indigenous knowledge is considered more holistic, while the scientific method presents a more logical and simplified way. A third difference is that indigenous knowledge is more personalized and intuitive. In contrast, the scientific method is more impartial and perceptible. Indigenous

people would want ownership of the sight because it is a peace of their cultural history and a place of their ancestors. Ultimately, they would like to protect, observe, understand, and conserve the land of their ancestors in the context of their culture, values, and beliefs. III: Living Cultural Groups Local Native American group's view is that the land is theirs. The land has been the ancestral home long before European colonialization. But as waves of immigrants came through the Americas lost their land and were pushed out bit by bit. Their ancestors are buried on-site with artifacts that explain their history and culture to us. Local indigenous populations focus on the preservation of their culture and history. If they side with the specific organization, they might be forced to leave their homes again, especially if the highway is endorsed. The perspective of this group could help inform my resolution for the press conference becuses local native american groups can affirm my resolution, as well as bring up critical issues they would face with this situation. By giving their perspective, indigenized people can have a voice, active role, and their perspective could also get the site placed under conservation status, protecting the cultural site and presenting tribal authority over the site. Resolution The party that has ownership of the first archeological find is local native american groups because many of the artifacts found, like stone tools, projectiles, burial mounds, and ritual offerings are characteristics of native american groups. The party that owns the second site is the

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local community government because the homestead gives insight into life and culture within that area during the nineteenth century and early African slavery. The homestead is an essential glimpse of the history of local towns and communities. Both sites look at crucial points in America's history and prehistoric history. As such, we must collaborate with both groups to ensure that all beliefs and cultures are respected, allowing us to learn and gather information from these sights. Taking into consideration potential issues like native customs, vandalism, looting, and cultural sensitivity, we can work with both groups to educate the public on the significance of these sites; we can also encourage stewardship with the public so that they can care for and protect the site feeling included in the preservation of history. By working with these groups, we can lobby for both sites to become world heritage sites, which can prevent damage, removal, or being privately owned or sold without government permission. References Antoine, A. N. H. (2018, September 5). Indigenization, Decolonization, and Reconciliation . Pressbooks. https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationcurriculumdevelopers/chapter/indigenization- decolonization-and-reconciliation/#:~:text=Decolonization%20refers%20to%20the %20process,and%20addressing%20unbalanced%20power%20dynamics . Goodman, S. (2015, October 7). Transforming Schools Through Cultural Self-Reflection . Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/blog/transforming-schools-through-cultural-self-reflection-

stacey-goodman#:~:text=Cultural%20self%2Dreflection%20is%20a,in%20shapes%20who %20you%20are .

ATH-320- 6-2 Final Project Part I Submission_ Cultural Ethics Analysis Report (1) (2)

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