Final Exam_ [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG_ Intro N A Archy (Rochette)
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12/11/2018
Final Exam: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette)
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Final Exam
Due
Dec 13 at 11:59pm
Points
200
Questions
100
Available
Dec 11 at 12am - Dec 13 at 11:59pm 3 days
Time Limit
180 Minutes
Instruc±ons
A±empt History
Attempt
Time
Score
LATEST
Attempt 1 70 minutes
152 out of 200
Correct answers will be available Dec 14 at 12am - Dec 16 at 11:59pm.
Score for this quiz: 152
out of 200
Submitted Dec 11 at 5:29pm
This attempt took 70 minutes.
You will have 180 minutes (3 hours) to complete the 100 multiple-choice questions. Once you begin the
exam you may not stop and come back at a later time. Some of the questions will come from the quizzes or
previous midterm exams. You will get periodic warnings of time remaining. The exam will automatically
submit when your time is up or when the 11:59pm deadline is reached. Remember that the exam will
automatically submit at 11:59pm ET regardless of when you started the exam. In other words, you must
start the exam by 8:59pm to receive the full three hours.
0 / 2 pts
Question 1
Incorrect
Incorrect
All of the following are fundamental principles of biological evolution EXCEPT
that ___________________.
most of an organism's makeup is inherited from its parents
members of any breeding population vary in outward appearance and genetic
makeup
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all breeding populations produce more offspring than necessary for simple
population replacement
individuals better adapted to their environments will reproduce more
successfully than those who are less well adapted
information can be transmitted between non-biologically related individuals This question related to Main Point 3 in Chapter 1. Evolution and
ecology are two key concepts in this course and of the two, evolution
is often the concept that is the most misunderstood. Although the unit
of selection is the individual in both cultural and biological evolution,
the two differ in some very important ways. Review the sections on
Principles of Biological and Cultural Evolution on pages 8 and 9 of
your textbook.
2 / 2 pts
Question 2
Archaeology is a scientific discipline that does NOT include the study of
______________.
paleontology chronology stratigraphy ecology history
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You are not alone - by one survey approximately 93% of Americans
believe that archaeology includes the study of dinosaurs. This
question relates to Lesson 1, Point 1 (Lesson 1:1). This concept is
also discussed in the text on pg. 3 of the text.
2 / 2 pts
Question 3
Which of the following factors prevented the agricultural intensification and
the development of large complex societies during the Pleistocene?
frequent volcanic eruptions an overabundance of megafauna that trampled and ate crops a hostile and unpredictable climate a lack of draft animals (e.g., mules, oxen, horses, etC. the lack of a formal system of language 2 / 2 pts
Question 4
Why are the social groups termed "bands" at high risk for extinction?
a lack of marriage partners results in inbreeding and high frequencies of fatal
genetic conditions
bands are the most stable form of organization and are not at risk for
extinction
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a lack of strong political control often results in high levels of intra-group
fighting
they are extremely large and inherently unstable bands are small and vulnerable to random events that might wipe out some or
all of the group
2 / 2 pts
Question 5
Which of the following is the primary difference between biological evolution
and cultural evolution?
In cultural evolution, acquired cultural traits can be transmitted from parents to
offspring and between non-related individuals.
Cultural evolution ceased with the emergence of biologically modern human
beings.
There are no differences between biological and cultural evolution. Cultural evolution is necessarily slower than biological evolution. Cultural evolution ceased with the emergence of Neanderthals. 0 / 2 pts
Question 6
Incorrect
Incorrect
Many archaeologists now argue that the earliest people in America migrated
down the Pacific Coast because _____________.
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all Native American groups along the Pacific Coast speak exactly the same
language and look the same.
the earliest Native Americans left a written record of their travels. the hunter-gatherers of Siberia knew that America existed and took the
quickest route to a better climate.
the deglaciated coastline between 15-16,000 years ago would have supplied
driftwood as fuel for heat.
many sites in South America provide conclusive evidence that Native
Americans moved rapidly down the coast.
The slow expansion of the the hunter-gatherers of Siberia was not an
intentional migration to a known destination. Evidence from Monte
Verde, Chile may suggest a rapid migration down the Pacific Coast;
however,other archaeologists contend that there is no indisputable
evidence of humans anywhere in South America older than 11,000
BP. Although Native Americans along the Pacific coast share
fundamental biological and linguistic traits, significant variation is
present between groups.
2 / 2 pts
Question 7
Archaeologists think that the makers of the Dyuktai complex were able to
experience rapid expansion because they used which of the following
strategies?
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created the first permanent network of large settlements and outlying villages used a combination of large base maps and smaller hunting sites emphasized small, temporary camps and highly mobile bands seasonally followed migratory herds of megafauna between the tundra and the
mountains
the developed several different types of watercraft capable of moving rapidly
down the coast
The Dyuktai complex was characterized by microblades, wedge-
shaped microblade cores, burins, many flake tools, and a minority of
bifaces. The makers of the Dyuktai complex were different from earlier
people living in Siberia because they did not use a combination of
larger base camps and smaller short-term camps. They used a
strategy that emphasized small, temporary camps and highly mobile
bands. This strategy is likely what allowed for rapid expansion of the
hunter-gatherer population without risk of it becoming too thin for
interband connections to be maintained. (Chapter 2:8, pg. 38- 39)
2 / 2 pts
Question 8
The Upper Paleolithic tool kit of Homo sapiens was different from that of
Neanderthals and earlier humans because ___________.
it generally contained fewer types of tools as humans became more
specialized
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it contained the first tools known to be used for agriculture it contained only tools made of stone it was found only in North America its tools required the use of both language and demonstration to learn to
manufacture
Homo erectus evolved in Africa about 1.7 million years ago. These
people generally looked like us but had small cranial capacities and
likely did not have language as we know it. There tools were simple
and the ability to manufacture them could be taught without the use of
language. In contrast, the Upper Paleolithic toolkit of modern Homo
sapiens was complex and required a combination of demonstration
and verbal description (languagE. to teach others to manufacture
them correctly. The Upper Paleolithic toolkit is found everywhere that
Homo sapiens existed and features a wide variety of different types of
tools made from bone, antler, and stone. (Lesson 5:1)
2 / 2 pts
Question 9
The Swan Point site, located in central Alaska, is significant because it
___________________.
is the source of the earliest archaeological evidence from eastern Beringia is the type-site for a kind of recurved blade known as a Swan Point was the first site discovered in Alaska in the 20th century
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was named for the first ethnographer to document the Native American tribes
in the region, Alfred Swan
produced the first evidence of intentional bird domestication in the new world 0 / 2 pts
Question 10
Incorrect
Incorrect
Which of the following resulted in multiple lines of evidence indicating that the
earth is billions of years old?
volcanic eruptions brining ancient minerals to the surface of the earth the discovery of human and dinosaur fossils in the same stratigraphic layers the advent of deep-sea oil drilling and sediment coring 21st century advancements in radiocarbon dating the discovery of multiple radioactive elements and their consistent decay over
time
2 / 2 pts
Question 11
Which of the following best describes the small number of skeletons that
have been recovered from the paleoindian period in North and South
America?
they look exactly like modern Native Americans
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the skeletons are so degraded that we cannot tell anything about them they look significantly different from more recent and modern Native
Americans
they exhibit a mix of Asian and European features resulting from a long history
of intermarriage between Native Americans and European settlers
The number of individual Paleoindians found to data is small,only
about a dozen, but even this small sample indicates that they did not
necessarily look like modern American Indians. The ancestors of
Paleoindians might have been from local Siberian populations that did
not yet have the Asian characteristics of modern American Indians.
Alternatively, later gene flow could have altered American Indian
populations. (Chapter 3:8 pg. 59-60, Lesson 7)
2 / 2 pts
Question 12
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic features of
paleoindians?
hunted big game had overlapping social networks existed in small, highly-mobile groups lived in large permanent settlements used a small toolkit with relatively simple technology
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Paleoindians adapted to warmer and drier conditions at the end of the
Pleistocene. In general, bands were characterized by high mobility
and non-permanent habitation, singlue used campsites where no
trash accumulated, few possessions and simple technology, and low
population density. They had egalitarian social organization in which
status depended only on age, sex, and personal characteristics (not a
class system) and existed in overlapping bands called connubia that
spread over large areas and resulted in the exchange of high-grade
lithic materials. They did very little to modify their environments and
did not store food (see list in Lesson 7 of Paleoindian adaptations).
(Lesson 7:6 & 8)
2 / 2 pts
Question 13
All of the following make it difficult for modern archaeologists to study the
earliest people in North America EXCEPT that ___________.
early Native American populations were small and carried relatively few
material possessions
areas of the Pacific Coast where migrations may have occurred are now below
sea level
many sites were located where they would be buried under significant
amounts of accumulated sediment
only a small number of sites ever existed and were spread over the entire
North American continent
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all of the earliest sites have already been found and there is nothing left for
modern archaeologists to study
The earliest Americans traveled light, were few in number, and left
only the faintest traces on the archaeological landscape. These
features alone make it very difficult to study archaeological sites.
Furthermore, "vast tracts of continental shelf where these people
might have lived and traveled along are out of research below modern sea level. Valleys where they might have hunted and camped
lie deeply buried under the accumulated sediments of the last dozen
millennia. (p.42)." There were very few sites to begin with and the
destructive forces that occur over time have destroyed many of them.
It is impossible for us to find ALL of the earliest sites, even if they
were all perfectly preserved.
0 / 2 pts
Question 14
Incorrect
Incorrect
According to your textbook, what is the significance of the Pedra Furada rock
shelter in Brazil?
contains the largest assemblage of verified man-made art, tools, and dwellings
anywhere in the Americas
it is a well-known mastodon kill site demonstrates why an empirical approach is necessary but insufficient to solve
the problem of Native American origins
the oldest known site of human habitation in South America
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clearly shows that empirical data can answer all archaeological questions if we
can collect enough of it
2 / 2 pts
Question 15
Which of the following is presented as one of the arguments AGAINST the
overkill hypothesis?
The extinction was more severe and occurred faster than any other in the past
65 million years
No extinctions occurred at the same time on uninhabited islands or in other
areas where humans were not present
Only a few Paleoindian sites actually contain clear evidence that human
hunters successfully killed large Pleistocene mammals
Simultaneous extinctions of large mammals occurred from Alaska to
Patagonia around the time humans arrived
Virtually all plants survived the mass extinction of large mammals 2 / 2 pts
Question 16
During the Archaic period, Native Americas influenced the makeup of
Holocene forests and reshaped the landscape of parts of America through
the use of __________.
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heavy machinery iron saws fire irrigation horses Pioneer species such as grasses, birches, tamaracks, pines, and
aspens are the first to occupy disturbed ground (some of these are
also well adapted for growing in nutrient poor soils left behind after the
glaciers retreated in North AmericA.. Maples, beeches, hemlocks, and
firs expand into these areas later. Native Americas used fire to change
the character of Holocene forests by selecting out the more mature
trees and repeatedly encouraging the growth of grasses and pioneer
tree species. Many parts of the continent would never have looked the
way they do today had humans not been modifying the landscape for
over 10 millennia. (Chapter 4, pg. 72)
0 / 2 pts
Question 17
Incorrect
Incorrect
All of the following are desirable characteristics of an animal to be
domesticated EXCEPT _________.
are not subject to fits of panic are comfortable in herds grow quickly to adulthood breed well in captivity weigh less than 35 kg (~77 pounds)
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At the time of the Paleoindians, there were only 148 species in the
world that had the appropriate suite of characteristics to be
domesticated. Of these, only 24 occurred in the Americas and only
one of these ended up actually being domesticated (the llamA.. Other
than dogs, there were no species in North America that had the
suitable suite of characteristics. Features that make an mammal a
good candidate for domestication are a weight of less than 45 kg (100
lbs), an appropriate diet, an ability to grow quickly to adulthood,
tractable dispositions, are not subject to fits of panic, and are
comfortable in herds. (Chapter 4, pg. 69)
2 / 2 pts
Question 18
Which of the following is the best explanation for the general decrease in
projectile point sizes during the Archaic period?
increasing emphasis was placed on teaching younger boys to hunt and assist
in obtaining food
a technological shift from heavier weapons to lighter spears and spear
throwers occurred
there was a vast reduction in the amount of available raw material for point
production
populations of this time period hunted only smaller game where larger points
could not be used
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The shift to small spears most likely signals a technological change
from heavier to lighter spears during this period. The weighted flexible
spear thrower also developed during this period and allowed for
greater velocity than would have been possible with a rigid spear
thrower. (Chapter 11:1)
2 / 2 pts
Question 19
Which of the following BEST describes agriculture in the Eastern Woodlands
prior to 5000 BCE?
all plants cultivated were locally domesticated cultivation was carried out by mobile hunter-gatherers agriculture utilized both local and imported plants from Meso and South
America
farming techniques were brought into the region by farmers from Mexico 2 / 2 pts
Question 20
Which of the following factors makes it difficult to identify burials of the
people Maritime Archaic culture?
modern tribes have prevented archaeological excavations in the region members of this culture cremated their dead almost all burials were destroyed by rising sea levels
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very acidic soils in the region result in extremely poor bone preservation the "red paint" in these graves makes them difficult to see in the surrounding
soil
2 / 2 pts
Question 21
Which of the following is not one of the major regions contained within the
Eastern Woodlands?
Appalachian Mountains The Great Plains The Great Lakes Ohio River Valley New England and the Maritimes The Eastern Woodlands lies south of the coniferous forests of central
and eastern Canada and east of the Great Plains. Because the area
is so large, the environment in each region varies greatly in latitude,
altitude, soil type, and proximity to the ocean. Despite its variability,
the distinctions between regions within the Eastern Woodlands tend to
not be sharp, thus archaeologists generally treat it as a single area.
Although the Eastern Woodlands may bring to mind the Northeastern
portion of the United States, the Appalachian Mountains, the Great
Lakes, the New England & the Maritimes, and the Coast Plain are all
areas within the Eastern Woodlands region. (Chapter 5, pg. 90-91)
2 / 2 pts
Question 22
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Domestication of plants in the Eastern Woodlands period set the stage for
which of the following?
the construction of more complex buildings for the storage of crops widespread trade in both raw materials and finished products as well as the
construction of earthworks
specialization in farming and the loss of other manufacturing skills animal domestication self-sustaining villages that had no need for trade Plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands allowed Native
Americans of this period to become more sedentary and exist as tribal
societies rather than as highly mobile bands. This change in lifestyle
allowed them to begin manufacturing goods and trading in both raw
materials and finished products. Plant domestication also set the
stage for the construction of mortuary earthworks. (Chapter 5:2)
2 / 2 pts
Question 23
Which of the following is NOT true about Hopewell culture?
expanded through the mechanisms of trade and exchange utilized exotic raw materials such as copper, mica, galena, marine shells, and
alligator teeth
declined around 1000CE as the result of a dramatic shift in climate
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developed out of the Adena culture around 200 BCE built mounds of different geometric shapes, often linked together into larger
complexes
Hopewell culture developed out of Adena culture around 200 BCE.
Their earthworks took on more complex forms such as large
earthwork enclosures, geometric shaped mounds, and linked
complexes of multiple shapes. There is no archaeological evidence
for military or colonial expansion of the Hopewell culture, thus it is
believed that their expansion was a result of trade and exchange. This
is supported by their utilization of raw exotic materials from distant
regions. Although archaeologists are not sure of the exact causes of
the decline of Hopewell, it is most likely the result of growing
population size, competition for resources, and intertribal conflict
using newly introduced bow and arrow technology. (Chapter 5 pg.
106-107, Lesson 14:5)
2 / 2 pts
Question 24
The work of Ephraim Squier and E.H. Davis continues to be an important
source of information about moundbuilding cultures because they
_______________.
were the first to conduct large-scale archaeological excavations across the
country
were the primary source of funding for archaeological excavations in the early
20th century
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talked with living decedents of mound-building peoples and published a
detailed ethnography
carefully documented many important earthwork sites that no longer exist speculated widely and created many theories about the the "mythical
moundsbuilders"
2 / 2 pts
Question 25
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the Adena
and Hopewell cultures?
Adena culture was entirely extinct before Hopewell appeared in the same
areas.
There is no relationship between the two cultures. The two cultures overlapped considerably in both time and space. Adena tribes invaded Hopewell territory and took over their lands. Hopewell culture slowly evolved into Adena culture. 2 / 2 pts
Question 26
Why was the construction of irrigation systems in the deserts of the Greater
Southwest by the Hohokam culture not as difficult and unlikely as it may
seem?
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the region has a number of fresh-water springs that supply adequate water for
irrigation
the first farmers in the region inherited complex irrigation technology and
knowledge from their ancestors
frequent rains in the region make it easy to dig canals in soft soil and man-
made ponds collect rainwater efficiently
irrigation systems were not constructed by the people of the Greater
Southwest
canals can be dug from fast-flowing rivers using only baskets and digging
sticks with gravity as a guide
Irrigation engineering seems difficult and unlikely under pre-modern
conditions at first glance, but it is not. Fast-flowing rivers are fast
because their gradients are steep. If one taps into the such a river by
digging a ditch from its edge inland, one can create a more sluggish
canal having a less steep gradient. Digging was not difficult because
the water softened the soil around the legs of the diggers. Digging
sticks and baskets would be the only technology required and gravity
could be used as a guide to keep the canals going in the right
direction. (Lesson 16:7, Chapter 6 pg. 115-116)
2 / 2 pts
Question 27
Trade goods from Mesoamerica were brought north to Chaco in exchange
for what item from the Greater Southwest?
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turquoise hematite maize decorative pottery gold Turquoise trade to Mexico from the Greater Southwest brought
copper artifacts, exotic birds, and other influences from Mesoamerica
in exchange. Choacoan communities controlled the turquoise trade by
the ninth century. Chaco Canyon became a distribution hub for a
system that brought in turquoise from great distances and at least
some of it was carried South into Mexico. (Chapter 6:5 pg. 131,
Lesson 17)
2 / 2 pts
Question 28
Early Mogollon villages were typically located ______________, presumably
for _____________.
in river valleys; access to water on hilltops and bluffs; defensive purposes near stands of scrub brush; a ready source of firewood atop earlier Aztec sites; the ability to use abandoned architectural materials in caves; protection
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The first Mogollon villages appeared around 200 BCE. Each had
about 20 houses and was located on high ground such as ridges and
bluffs. These high locations were likely important for defensive
purposes. This fact may be related to the fact that they lived in a
tension zone between Hohokam irrigation farmers and nomadic
hunter-gatherers. The early Mogollon were part-time farmers who
never completely abandoned hunting and gathering.(Chapter 6 p.
119-120, Lesson 16:6,10)
2 / 2 pts
Question 29
What is the most significant feature of Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon?
it is the site of a prehistoric watchtower it was a source of high grade obsidian it played a part in the Ancestral Puebloan origin myth it has a spiral petroglyph placed to mark solstices and equinoxes a large cache of turquoise beads was found there 2 / 2 pts
Question 30
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "temper" as it applies to
Native American pottery?
sand, crushed shell, grit, or other material added to clay to make shaping and
firing easier to control
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a term used to describe how easily a material could be shaped into a particular
vessel
a glaze applied to the outside of some items to prevent cracking during the
firing process
silt and mud added to clay to allow for the production of finer, smooth walled
vessels
a term used to describe how aggravated a potter was likely to get when
attempting to construct a particular form
0 / 2 pts
Question 31
Incorrect
Incorrect
All of the following are Olmec traits that are major themes in later
Mesoamerican cultures EXCEPT:
personal blood sacrifices luxury goods large public monuments ball game rituals elaborate written music
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Many of the major themes of later Mesoamerican cultures were
already present in Olmec cutlure. these include the ball game ritual,
personal blood sacrifice, public human sacrifice,luxury goods, and
large public monuments.These are in addition to complex writing and
calendric systems. (Lesson 19:4, Chapter 7:4 pg. 145)
2 / 2 pts
Question 32
_______________ culture - the best known of the formative cultures of later
Mesoamerican societies - provided the basis for the elaborate calendrical
systems of the Maya.
Cichimec Oaxacan Olmec Aztec Zapotec Once considered the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, the Olmecs
are just the best known formative culture. They developed along the
Gulf of Mexico and their culture included many of the major themes
seen in later Mesoamerican cultures. Notably, their use of the long
count, 260 day, and 365 day calendars was adopted by the Classic
Maya.(Chapter 7:6 pg. 147-148, Lesson 19:6)
2 / 2 pts
Question 33
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Which of the following was NOT a center of the Classic Maya?
Tikal Palenque Yaxchilan Copan Teotihuacan Of the centers of the Classic Maya Tikal, Palenque,and Copan are
particularly noteworthy. You should be familiar with the key features of
each. Teotihuacan was not a Mayan city. (Chapter 7:15 pg. 165-167,
Lesson 21:5-7)
2 / 2 pts
Question 34
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "swidden" farming?
a form of shifting agriculture involving field rotation and long fallow periods a stationary form of agriculture where multiple crops are intensively grown in
the same field for up to 25 years
an intensive form of pig farming found in Northern Mesoamerica a form of "rip-and-tear" agriculture where fields are weeded but the soil is not
intensively plowed
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a form of cultivation practiced in the salt marshes of the Eastern Woodlands 2 / 2 pts
Question 35
Which of the following was an important trading center located between two
urban centers that featured five defendable hills, earthworks, and ramparts?
Palenque Xochicalco Monte Alban Chuicuilco Teotihuacan Xochicalco was a small polity that competed (and may have
contributed to the demise of) Teotihuacan. Its most notable feature
was that it was located across five connected and defensible hilltops,
while also being located between two major trading centers. Despite
its fortifications, the city was attacked and destroyed around 900 CE.
(Chapter 7:10 pg. 156-157, Lesson 20:5)
2 / 2 pts
Question 36
The pochteca can be best described as ________________.
Aztec long-distance traders
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Aztec warriors Tlaxcalan warriors destitute commoners in the Aztec Empire Mixtec polychrome pots The Pochteca were the richest commoners in the Aztec social
structure. They were long-distance traders, acquiring raw materials
and goods from far away which supplied the great market of Tlatelolco
and the craftpersons of the Aztec capital. They enjoyed a certain
degree of "upper class" status in Aztec society. They were also known
to act as spies for the Aztec administration.(Chapter 8 p.177, Lesson
23)
2 / 2 pts
Question 37
An "atlatl" can best be described as __________________.
a spear thrower an extinct species of small deer a special type of bow used only by the Maya a small fish found in most North American streams a gourd that was heavily relied upon in times of drought
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This is a definition question (and one you should be familiar with from
previous chapters). An atlatl is a spear thrower. After most North
American cultures had switched to the bow and arrow, the Aztecs
retained the spear and atlatl. This is most likely because spears
launched with an atlatl could penetrate armor that a bow and arrow
could not. (Chapter 8 pg. 178).
2 / 2 pts
Question 38
Approximately how many Gods were likely recognized by the Aztecs as part
of their religious practice (maximum number inventoried so far)?
only 1 - they were monotheistic 2 - emphasized by the concept of dualism present in daily life 13 - one for each of the numbers of the Aztec calender 20 - one for each of the day names of the Aztec calender 100+ - gods for almost every aspect of daily-life The Aztecs had gods for nearly every craft and profession. They even
had gods who were patrons of such things as filth and lust. In 1971,
Henry Nicholson inventoried 12 gods. Each was assigned a domain of
jurisdiction and each had a place in the 260-day calendar. Gods could
transform themselves from one deity to another, take alternative
names, become more than one at the same time, and some were
thought of as versions of others. As you can see, simply counting the
number of gods in Aztec religion is not as easily accomplished as you
would imagine. (Chapter 8:5 pg. 180)
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0 / 2 pts
Question 39
Incorrect
Incorrect
The long-distance trade network of the Aztec imperial economy can be
tracked into the United States using obsidian, turquois, and ________.
copper silver shell iron ore beans 2 / 2 pts
Question 40
Aztec calendric and mathematical systems are better understood than those
of the Classic Maya because _________.
several records from the 16th century exist that help us to interpret dates and
counting systems.
their systems were much closer to the modern European systems and thus
are easier to interpret.
descendants of the Aztecs still use these systems and have told
anthropologists how they world.
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their systems were much more complicated but better documented than those
of the Maya.
archaeologists have spent more time studying them. 2 / 2 pts
Question 41
All of the following are true of the "vacant quarter" EXCEPT that
_______________.
is was centered in the American Bottom portion of the Mississippi Valley it resulted from the collapse and abandonment of Middle Mississippi
chiefdoms
it was centered around the early stages of the Little Ice Age inhabitants were pressured by the arrival of more northerly tribal farmers the area was rapidly depopulated by a flu epidemic
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The collapse of Middle Mississippian chiefdoms and the abandonment
of many of their associated villages left a "vacant quarter" in the
American Bottom portion of the Mississippi Valley. Depopulation
began to occur in many areas around the time of the Little Ice Age,
which caused difficulties for farming. Crops were also failing north of
the Mississippi Valley and farmers there were forced to migrate south.
This likely contributed to the pressures put on the Middle
Mississippian chiefdoms during this time. The Vacant Quarter was
produced by a number of interrelated causes, but a flu epidemic was
not one of them. (Chapter 9:8 - p. 207, Lesson 26:7 - The Vacant
Quarter)
0 / 2 pts
Question 42
Incorrect
Incorrect
The largest single earthen mound north of Mesoamerica is Monks' Mound at
the site of __________________.
Cahokia Snakeville Moundville Oculgee Etowah
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Although the people of Cahokia built over 100 mounds, about half of
the fill used in these earthworks went to construct a huge platform
mound in the center of the town. Monks' Mound at Cahokia is very
large, but could have been built by a relatively small group of people
working a few weeks each year. Successive building phases brought
this mound to a height of 30 meters after centuries of effort. It is the
largest earthen structure north of Mesoamerica (Chapter 9:5 - p. 201-
202, Lesson 26:1 - Cahokia)
2 / 2 pts
Question 43
All of the following are characteristics of chiefdoms EXCEPT that
___________.
they are more socially complex than tribes they are very stable and often last for a very long time they have two or more levels of integration they have a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of
elites
chiefs maintain support by the control and redistribution of food and other
valuables
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Chiefdoms can be more simply defined as socio-political
organizations that feature two or more levels of integration. In order to
form, they require a subsistence base that is productive enough to
support a class of elites and complex enough to require their authority
and ranked organizational structure. Chiefdoms are often lead by
charismatic leaders who held the allegiance of those subordinate to
them by force of personality. They earned their keep by managing
surpluses of critical resources. Chiefdoms are inherently unstable and
tend to cycle in and out of existence because of their tendency for
them to fission when they experience internal conflict. (Lesson 25:10,
Chapter 9 pg. 197-198).
0 / 2 pts
Question 44
Incorrect
Incorrect
The most distantly procured marine shell at Spiro Mounds came from as far
away as _____________________.
the Atlantic Coast the Gulf of Mexico the Caribbean Sea the Arctic Ocean the Pacific Coast Most of the Olivella shell beads found at Spiro and other Mississippian
sites are made of shell from the Gulf of Mexico; however, some beads
made from Olivella dama could only have come from the Gulf of
California on the Pacific Ocean. (Chapter 9 - p. 214-216, Lesson
27:14 - Spiro Mounds)
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2 / 2 pts
Question 45
Based on archaeological evidence, which of the following BEST describes
the introduction of maize, beans, and squash into the Eastern Woodlands?
maize, beans, and squash arrived as a single package around 750 CE beans arrived first, followed hundreds of years later by squash and maize maize and squash were staple foods, but beans were never able to grow in
the northern climate
maize and beans were important, but we have no archaeological evidence of
squash in the region
squash was an important early domesticate, followed by maize and, much
later, beans
0 / 2 pts
Question 46
Incorrect
Incorrect
In what general region did Siouan and Algonquian groups rely heavily on wild
rice for subsistence?
Great Lakes New England Hudson Bay Mid-Atlantic coast
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Appalachian Mountains Native Americans employed this wild seed as a near staple from
Minnesota all the way to New Brunswick because it served as a less
risky alternative to maize agriculture. Wild rice has a natural
distribution that overlaps with the distribution of the American white
birch trees needed to make the birchbark canoes used to effectively
gather the rice. (Chapter 10:4, p. 221, Lesson 28:8-9)
2 / 2 pts
Question 47
During the Medieval Maximum the boundary at which 120 frost free days
occur annually shifted further _____________.
North South East West Northeast The Medieval Maximum was a long-term warm spell that peaked
around 1000 CE. This warm period pushed the line of 120 frost-free
days further north and expanded the region appropriate for certain
types of farming. This had a great impact on maize agriculture, which
requires 120 frost free days to mature. (Chapter 10:1 p. 218-219,
Lesson 28:1)
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2 / 2 pts
Question 48
Which of the following led to the development of the Iroquoian longhouse?
strong matrilineal organization and matrilocal postmarital residence the introduction of iron tools that allowed for the harvesting of old-growth
forests
the rapid development of new architectural technology a cultural need to display new forms of weaving the need to protect females in the tribe from raids by neighboring groups The Northern Iroquois had strong matrilineal organization and used
matrilocal postmarital residence to break up groups of related males
and put women in charge of household affairs. This arrangement led
to the development of the Iroquoian longhouse. This multifamily house
could expand to accommodate more nuclear families as daughters
married, brought home new husbands, and began having children of
their own. (Lesson 30:3, Chapter 10 p. 227-228)
0 / 2 pts
Question 49
Incorrect
Incorrect
According to ethnographic evidence, cycles of Northern Iroquoian violence
and warfare were perpetuated by ________.
an ideology that every death could be blamed on an enemy and must be
revenged
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the idea that all resources should be distributed evenly among tribes spiritual mandates requiring fighting on ceremonial days throughout the year shows of masculinity to attract potential marriage partners conflicts over rights to hunting lands between communities 2 / 2 pts
Question 50
Which of the following was used to make Algonquian canoes?
the paper birch the common chalky gray birch old-growth cedar oak willow branches and animal hides 2 / 2 pts
Question 51
All of the following are true of Troyville-Coles Creek Culture EXCEPT they
__________.
made a distinctive form of projectile point from local chert did not adopt maize as a staple crop until the 1300s lived on gathered wild plants and domesticates
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built flat-topped mounds arranged around central plazas made distinctive, yet highly variable pottery Troyville-Coles Creek culture arose after the demise of Hopewell in
the and around the lower Mississippi Valley and along the gulf coast.
Maize was not adopted as a staple crop until after 1200 CE and they
lived by gathering wild plants and local domesticates. Their towns are
notable for their flat-topped mounds arranged around plazas; this was
a feature that would later become a wide-spread characteristic of
Mississippian towns. Troyville-Coles Creek ceramics are distinctive
and highly variable. Good quality chert was scare so their either
imported stone tools or relied on bone to make points. (Chapter 11:3
p. 244, Lesson 31: 4-7)
2 / 2 pts
Question 52
The first wave of people to colonize the Greater Antilles most likely migrated
by boat from the __________________.
southern tip of Florida Yucatan Peninsula northernmost tip of Venezuela Valdes Peninsula Gulf Coast of Texas
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The first people to move into the Greater Antilles did not come by way
of the chain of smaller islands to the east (Lesser Antilles), but likely
came by boat from the Yucatan Peninsula to the west. Their pre-
ceramic sites are found only in Cuba and Hispaniola and artifacts are
similar to those found in Belize and elsewhere on the Yucatan
Peninsula. Computer simulations indicate that the trip form Florida by
boat would have been significantly more risky than passage from
Yucatan. (Lesson 32:2, Chapter 11:10 p. 250).
0 / 2 pts
Question 53
Incorrect
Incorrect
Which of the following has been proposed as a feature that limited trade
around the rim of the Gulf Coast?
the existence of two major sea gaps and a desert gap the inability of cultures to communicate via a shared language a system of currents that is erratic and unable to be navigated a lack of timber to construct boats a lack of raw materials to produce trade goods Wide water or desert gaps in the long Circum-Gulf rim restricted long-
distance travel and trade between the Eastern Woodlands,
Mesoamerica, and Cuba. The Gulf Rim is not so much a single piece
of land as it is a fragmentary residual ring made up of the maritime
margins of three other regions: Mesoamerica, the Eastern
Woodlands, and the Greater Antilles. (Chapter 11:2, p. 241-242)
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2 / 2 pts
Question 54
Which of the following was NOT a European contribution to the West Indies
in the late 15th/early 16th century?
smallpox and measles potatoes pigs, goats, and sheep rats and mice grapes and sugarcane Spanish domesticates transformed the Antilles once smallpox,
measles, and other European diseases wiped on a significant portion
of the native population. They intentionally introduced horses, pigs,
goats and sheep and unintentionally brought rats and mice. Grapes
did not do well in the this environment, but sugarcane did thrive and
develop into a lasting industry. Potatoes are an New World crop, from
highland South America. (Chapter 11 p. 253, Lesson 32:5)
2 / 2 pts
Question 55
The Calusas of southern Florida developed chiefdoms despite their
____________________.
inability to select strong leaders failure to adopt agriculture and grow maize tendency to relocate their towns frequently as a result of swidden farming
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lack of written writing inability to utilize marine resources effectively The Colusas are the best-known historic people of southern Florida.
The productivity of native plants in southern Florida was so high that
the Calusas did not have to rely on maize for subsistence and did not
adopt agriculture. Local soil and climatic conditions make agriculture
impractical. (Chapter 11:7, p. 246-247, Lesson 31:15)
2 / 2 pts
Question 56
Which of the following BEST explains why the greatest impact of smallpox
and measles on Native American populations occurred with the arrival of
European settlers, not with the arrival of the initial explorers?
only children were able to carry these diseases on the long ocean voyage most seafaring explorers were genetically superior and did not carry these
diseases
smallpox and measles did not arrive in Europe until after the first explorers left
the country
smallpox and measles are only transmissible by women and European
explorers were all men
explores slaughtered Native Americans before they could be infected
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2 / 2 pts
Question 57
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "creole" as used in the
readings?
a fishing implement used to harvest shrimp and small fish in estuary regions
off the Gulf Coast
a style of cooking that originated in Louisiana during the Late Archaic period a style of food and cultural traditions brought with the Spanish to the Greater
Antilles
a culture of mixed ancestry, usually in a colonial setting a type of Native American tribe found only in the southeastern United States 2 / 2 pts
Question 58
The Native American occupants of southern Florida coped with the threat of
flooding, hurricanes, and other natural disasters by____________.
being flexible, opportunistic, and not investing heavily in agriculture or
architecture
constructing levees and other earthworks to defend their settlements building stone houses on stilts high enough to avoid flooding
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focusing on day-to-day existence since major disasters were extremely rare 2 / 2 pts
Question 59
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of the Key Marco site located
in the Glades region of Florida?
perishable wood artifacts were particularly well preserved in the wet
environment
the marshes of the Glades inhibited decomposition and produced several well-
preserved mummies
the skeletons of several species of extinct crocodile were found there written records containing rudimentary census data were preserved between
layers of clay
underwater excavations of the site had to be performed in protective cages 2 / 2 pts
Question 60
The West Indies can BEST be described as _____________________.
an arc of islands that encloses the Caribbean Sea an area off the west coast of India where many spices originate
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a series of colonial outposts in Cuba where trade in slaves and spices was
based
a grouping of small islands that spans the Gulf of Mexico an island chain that parallels the coastline of Honduras, Guatemala, and
Belize
2 / 2 pts
Question 61
_____________ was the primary food source for the Native American tribes
of the Great Plains for thousands of years.
maize roots and tubers wheat bison domesticated cattle The Great Plains does not have many plant foods that can be eaten
by humans; however, grazing animals are able to digest tough
grasses. For thousands of years before horticulture arrived in the
area, the people of the Great Plains relied on bison as a food source.
(Chapter 12 p. 261, Lesson 34:2)
0 / 2 pts
Question 62
Incorrect
Incorrect
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Which of the following is the main reason why medicine wheels were
constructed by Great Plains Indian cultures?
They served as territorial neutral ground for regional inter-tribal councils. The purpose of these features is still uncertain. They served as ritual centers for cultural ceremonies including healing
ceremonies and battle dances.
They provided a template for laying out historic period settlements. The wheels served as a form of astrological calendar indicating when to plant
and harvest crops.
Medicine wheels have been the focus of considerable popular interest
and speculation, but their origins and function remain uncertain. This
is a result of the large number of cultures that flourished on the Great
Plains and the difficulty of connecting any single group with later
Indian nations. (Chapter 12:2 p. 263, Lesson 34)
2 / 2 pts
Question 63
Native Americas were able to adapt to and flourish in the Northwest Plateau
region of the United States as a result of the presence of large game
animals, edible roots, and ________________.
small game animals old-growth timber
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migratory fish fertile farmland migratory birds Native Americans living on the Plateau relied on migratory fish (mainly
salmon), edible roots, and large game to survive. The presence or
absence of each of these resources strongly influenced what
adaptations were possible. (Chapter 12:10 p. 273, Lesson 36)
0 / 2 pts
Question 64
Incorrect
Incorrect
All of the following are true about the development of the mounted nomadic
cultures of the Great Plains EXCEPT:
people quickly learned how to tame horses, fight from horseback, and hunt
bison
many hunting and agricultural societies converted into mounted nomadic
cultures
tepee rings became a more common feature of the Interior West they developed in the 1500s and flourished until the late 1900s horses resulted in increased population growth and mobility
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The mounted nomads of the Interior West are the best-known of all
American Indian nations by the public in general, but they were a
short-lived historical phenomenon. People quickly learned to tame
and ride horses, which gave them a previously unknown level of
mobility. Although tepee rings existed before the horse became
widespread, the majority of these rings appeared after the horse
spread across the Interior West and are an indication of increased
population size and mobility. (Chapter 12:12 p. 275, 276, Lesson 34).
0 / 2 pts
Question 65
Incorrect
Incorrect
Which of the following BEST describes the North American Great Plains
region?
a vast grassland with absolutely no trees a vast section of North America characterized by the presence of large salt
lakes, glacial valleys, and brush forests
a vast grassland with a few forests on a few mountains and along rivers a grassland rich in roots, tubers, berries, grains, and other edible food crops a large area of land that spans from the Mississippi River to the coast of the
Pacific Ocean
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The North American Great Plains region is a vast and largely flat
landscape of fire-climax grassland with riverine gallery forests and a
few patches of forest uplands. The Great Plains can be best
described as a grassland with forests only on a few mountains and
along rivers. (Chapter 12 pg. 255, Lesson 34:1)
0 / 2 pts
Question 66
Incorrect
Incorrect
Which form of leadership was necessary for a band or a set of cooperating
bands to organize and execute a buffalo drive on the Great Plains?
a well-respected warrior to lead the hunters and a female elder to organize the
butchering
a strong tribal chief who could demand communal labor a temporary leader whose authority lasted only as long as was needed to
complete the task
no leadership was necessary because everyone knew how to hunt 2 / 2 pts
Question 67
The introduction of the horse to Native American groups in the Western U.S.
in the 1660s resulted in these cultures becoming___________.
increasingly dependent on the horse as a draft animal for plow-agriculture
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complex city-states with imperial trade networks reliant on long-distance riders
more sedentary as they tended herds of horses for consumption significantly more mobile by using horses as transport and pack animals 2 / 2 pts
Question 68
Which of the following Northern Plains cultures was the first to rely almost
exclusively on the bow and arrow?
Rainy River Blackduck Mortlach Old Women's
Avonlea 0 / 2 pts
Question 69
Incorrect
Incorrect
Hunters of the Great Plains were generally unable to hunt individual bison
effectively before the arrival of the Spanish because
____________________.
simple tribal organization was insufficient to coordinate hunting efforts
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their stone-tipped arrow technology was unable to kill large mammals in most
cases
they had no efficient means of pursuing bison bison were few and far between until Spanish breeding programs dramatically
increased their population
disease had drastically decreased the size and number of bison herds 0 / 2 pts
Question 70
Incorrect
Incorrect
After 1750CE, during the period of cooler and wetter conditions on the Great
Plains, the Eastern Hopewell and Plains cultures ________________.
established trading and exchange networks, particularly focused on exotic
materials
maintained separate spheres of influence and never interacted engaged in periods of intense warfare over agricultural land merged into a single tribe 2 / 2 pts
Question 71
All of the following are true of the Namu site EXCEPT?
it was inhabited from 10,000 - 5,800 BCE
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both microblades and elements of the pebble tool tradition are present it was inhabited by marine hunters it is one of the oldest known sites on the coast of British Columbia huge shell middens were used for burials of high-status individuals The Namu site is one of the oldest known sites on the British
Columbia coast. Maritime hunters lived there from 10,000 -5,800 (cal)
BCE. Elements of both the microblade and small pebble tool tradition
appear at this site. Shell middens did not proliferate until after the
onset of the Early Holocene, c. 5,300-2,200 BCE.(Lesson 37:7,
Chapter 13 p. 286).
2 / 2 pts
Question 72
Wooden racks found at wet sites along the Hoko River near the Oregon
coast were used to ____________________.
display enemy scalps torture captives carry infants while working in the fields carry supplies over long distances for trade dry fish in the sun
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Some wet sites along the Hoko River have provided excellent
preservation for artifacts such as cordage, hooks, and floats designed
for taking cod and halibut offshore. Wooden racks indicate that the
fish were preserved by drying fish in the sun. (Lesson 38:3, Chapter
12 pg. 288, 291)
2 / 2 pts
Question 73
An archaeological "horizon" is best defined as ________________.
a layer of a site that cannot be attributed to any cultural period but appears
distinct
a brief but widespread archaeological phenomenon that serves as a
convenient stratigraphic marker
the first excavation of a site from a previously undocumented culture a period of time in which two cultures intersect and co-exist in a region but do
not merge together
a term that can be used interchangeably with stratum This is a pure definition question. A horizon is defined as a brief but
widespread archeological phenomenon that serves as a convenient
stratigraphic marker. (Chapter 13, p. 303)
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0 / 2 pts
Question 74
Incorrect
Incorrect
Ozette, the most famous site along the northern coast, has an exceptionally
well-preserved record of the Makah Indians who lived there because
_____________________.
a large tsumani covered the site with a layer of silt and mud the site was buried during a mudslide it is located in an extremely arid environment the Makah Indians fought hard to prevent looting of the site prior to its
excavation
Spanish missionaries produced detailed notes and records Ozette is the most famous site along the southern Northwest Coast. It
was buried by a landslide of mud caused by an earthquake sometime
in the early eighteenth century. The portion of the village that was
covered by mud preserved several houses and over 40,000 artifacts
that were later recovered by a team from Washington State University
in the 1970s. (Lesson 38:5, Chapter 13 p. 293-293)
2 / 2 pts
Question 75
Which of the following best describes the language families found on the
Northwest Coast?
small pockets of unrelated languages that indicate multiple recent migrations
to the area
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several fairly modern language families that are derived from other tribes to
the east of California
a single language family in this region as a result of one ancient migration
event
a number of very old language families in the region that suggest a long
history of cultural divergence
The languages of 11 ancient founder populations evolved and
multiplied on the Northwest Coast mostly in place. By the 19th century
there were 39 different languages that stemmed from these 11 major
families. There is no evidence for extensive migration into the region.
(Chapter 13:1 p. 280, Lesson 37:5)
2 / 2 pts
Question 76
The hunter-gatherers of the Northwest Coast seemed strange to early
anthropologists in comparison to other hunter-gatherer groups because
they__________.
were far less advanced and struggled to survive from season to season lived in large, densely populated, villages comprised of permanent houses cultivated extensive fields of maize while maintaining a mobile lifestyle lived on raft-like villages constructed at river deltas which they moved
seasonally
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2 / 2 pts
Question 77
Historic northwest cultures developed a system of competitive feasting and
conspicuous consumption that anthropologists often lump under the term
_____________.
labret cornucopian fete fiesta potlatch penutian 2 / 2 pts
Question 78
Which of the following best characterizes the subsistence strategies of
groups in later California during the "Middle Horizon?"
increasingly intensive use of small fish and game species and exploitation of
dietary staples like acorns
coastal exploitation of seaweed and beached whales adoption of the bow and arrow and intensification of big game hunting concentration on seasonally abundant salmon runs
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adoption of maize and bean agriculture combined with partial domestication of
local plant resources
They fished for and gathered smaller species and intensified
exploitation of staples such as acorns. Deliberate burning of the
landscape suppressed weed competition, protected oak groves from
more disastrous fires, and increased local deer populations more than
four fold.
2 / 2 pts
Question 79
A "labret" can BEST be defined as a ________________.
specialized form of spear thrower made from young cedar bone tip used on a composite harpoon plug ornament inserted in a pierced lip waterproof storage container made from coiled rope pad used in the process of cranial deformation to shape the skull 0 / 2 pts
Question 80
Incorrect
Incorrect
Which of the following marks the beginning of the Early Holocene (5300-
2200BCE) period in the Pacific Northwest?
the first appearance of large earthworks used for defensive purposes
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a significant increase in average yearly temperature occurred the dropping of sea levels to their modern positions the first truly permanent communities of large plank houses were built the first appearance of the large marine shell middens 2 / 2 pts
Question 81
Which of the following is a technological innovation that was MISSING From
Dorset Culture?
bows and arrows kayaks pottery harpoons oil lamps Pottery is a major feature that was missing from the inventory of
Dorset technology. Dorset culture also lacked toggling harpoons
(although they had thrusting harpoons) and dog sleds. (Lesson 41:4,
Chapter 14 p. 309)
2 / 2 pts
Question 82
Which of the following was the most prominent technological feature of Arctic
Stage 4, which occurred between 1200 (+/- 400) BCE - 600 (+/-500)CE?
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timber harvesting semisubterranean houses copper-working stone lamps microblades Arctic Stage 4 was marked by the disappearance of the Arctic Small
Tool tradition. The new stage lasted from 1200 (+/- 400) BCE to 600
(+/- 500) CE. The people of this culture produced slate knives,
semilunar knives, stone lamps, and labrets. These items are important
because they reveal that Arctic people already had some of the
technology that is critical to the survival of their later descendants in
the region as late as the twentieth century. (Chapter 14 p. 307,
Lesson 40:8)
2 / 2 pts
Question 83
Stage 1 development in the Arctic, which stretches from 15,000 – 5,000
BCE, can BEST be described as the stage _______________________.
that provides the earliest indisputable archaeological evidence for people in
the Arctic
where climatic conditions were mild enough to allow farming to develop prior to the arrival of people when large land mammals moved into the region
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that provides the earliest evidence of the use of oil lamps and insulated
clothing
when first contact was made with European explorers Stage 1 covers the time period from 15,000 to 5,000 BCE. All of the
earliest indisputable archaeological evidence for humans in the region
falls into this period. A few sites contain very early tools that are
similar to Paleoindian artifacts found farther south in North America.
(Lesson 40:2, Chapter 14 p 305)
2 / 2 pts
Question 84
Which of the following best describes the social organization of subarctic
peoples?
Large but thinly scattered villages ruled by a single tribal council Small, thinly scattered, linked bands Small, autonomous bands that rarely had contact with each other Small, densely packed villages located near resources Large villages made up of many smaller family units
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Before modern times the population of the Subarctic never averaged
more than 2 people per 100 square kilometers (about 1 person per 20
square miles). These individuals lived in small bands that had to
maintain relationships with others over long distances to sustain
diverse breeding populations. The bands were embedded in connubia
- abstract and overlapping social networks that had long since ceased
to exist south of the Subarctic. Communication, trade, and marriage
between bands in the overlapping connubia were common. (Lesson
42: 2, Chapter 14 p. 315-316)
0 / 2 pts
Question 85
Incorrect
Incorrect
Arctic developmental Stage 2 is divided into two variants,
______________and _______________.
interior, exterior peninsular, island interior, costal tundra, marine stone-age, bronze-age 0 / 2 pts
Question 86
Incorrect
Incorrect
The Arctic Small Tool Tradition in Alaska dates to roughly 2200 -1200BCE
and is thought to coincide with ________.
the adoption of technology from Norse immigrants to North America
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the adaptation of terrestrial hunting technology from the south to marine
fishing
the arrival of Paleo-Indian cultures in the Bering Strait Region of Alaska the development of a relatively high-tech lamp technology for warmth and light
the arrival of the bow and arrow in North America 2 / 2 pts
Question 87
The Mercator map projection, used in most elementary school maps, distorts
the world map, such that it _____________________.
exaggerates the size of the areas around the poles drastically reduces the size of Russia to make the USSR seem less powerful
during the 20th century
accurately depicts the northern hemisphere and reduces the size of the
southern hemisphere
reduces the size of the Arctic and Subarctic regions to enlarge North America
and Europe
exaggerates the size of the United States
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2 / 2 pts
Question 88
Sites of the Ipiutak culture in northern Alaska are known for
_____________________.
ceremonial masks made of antler and bone copper spear points and decorative jewelry stone lamps made of ivory and chert obsidian knives and projectile points carved compound human masks and bone and ivory artifacts 0 / 2 pts
Question 89
Incorrect
Incorrect
Which of the following BEST describes the houses built by the Dorset
Culture?
multi-family longhouses with sapling frames covered in large sheets of bark cedar plank houses insulated with sod single-family wigwams made from wooden frames covered in bark or woven
mats
semisubterranean pithouses built from whatever materials were available sod-covered huts which also served as ceremonial centers
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2 / 2 pts
Question 90
Which of the following best describes the development and spread of Eskimo
adaptations in the Arctic?
Many adaptations appear first in Alaska and spread east across northern
Canada to Greenland.
Adaptations tend to appear first in Greenland and spread west to Alaska. Many adaptations were developed by the deep-sea fisherman of Northwest
Coast cultures and adapted by local arctic peoples.
Adaptations appear randomly across the arctic region and do not appear to
follow any discernable pattern.
2 / 2 pts
Question 91
Since 1970, all projects with federal funding must identify, avoid, or mitigate
impacts on archaeological sites, which has resulted in 70% of new careers in
archaeology being in the area of _________________.
public health museum artifact curation historical archive development academia (colleges and universities) cultural resource management
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Since the 1970s all projects having any federal funding have been
required to identify, avoid, or mitigate project impacts on
archaeological sites. This has produced a new profession of
nonacademic archaeology, usually called cultural resource
management (CRM). Over 70% of new careers in archaeology are in
CRM.(Lesson 45:7, Chapter 15 p. 333)
2 / 2 pts
Question 92
Where did the epidemics brought to the Americas by Europeans and Africans
most likely originate?
domesticated animals blankets brought from Asia mosquitoes tainted drinking water ticks and fleas Europeans and Africans had many domesticated animals. Many
crowd infections originated in those population and jumped into the
human population after fortuitous mutations. Most of these diseases
had long since settled in as endemic childhood illnesses in Europe
and Africa before being brought to the New World. (Lesson 44:1,
Chapter 15 pg. 322)
2 / 2 pts
Question 93
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Which of the following was the main effect of the Great Depression on the
field of archaeology?
no archaeological work took place as archaeologists were laid-off increased looting of archaeological sites for artifacts to sell it had no impact on the academic-based field of archaeology a boom in field archaeology and the creation of massive new archaeological
projects
many high-school students could not find work and decided to pursue degrees
in anthropology
The federal programs of the era of the Great Depression made many
contributions to archaeology. Archaeology was still conducted mainly
by universities and museums until the coming of the Great
Depression, which led to a boom in field archaeology. Federal work
programs like the Works Progress Administration (WPA. and the
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC. sometimes focused on
archaeological excavations, which were often conducted with
surprising skill and accuracy. (Chapter 15 p. 332)
2 / 2 pts
Question 94
Which of the following is the most reasonable estimate of the number of
Native Americans living north of Mexico at the time of first European contact?
160,000 - 500,000
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800,000 - 1.2 million 1.9 – 3.4 million 5.2 - 7.3 million 10.2 -20.0 million Taken from Quiz 15
2 / 2 pts
Question 95
Which of the following explorers landed on the Vera Cruz coast of Mexico in
1519 and led forces to conquer the Aztec Capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521?
John Cabot Hernando de Soto Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Ponce de Leon Hernan Cortes Hernan Cortes landed his expedition on the Veracruz coast of Mexico
in 1519. He defeated the Aztec Empire in 1521. The great majority of
the fighting force was comprised of indigenous allies from Tlaxcala,
traditional enemies of the Aztec Empire. Mexico became an early
Spanish colony in North America. (Chapter 15 p. 321, Lesson 43:10)
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2 / 2 pts
Question 96
Which of the following archaeologists surveyed and documented hundreds of
earthworks in the Eastern Woodlands in the mid-nineteenth century?
Richard Leakey and Donald Johanson Ephraim Squier and E.H. Davis Thomas Jefferson Franz Boas Alfred Kroeber 2 / 2 pts
Question 97
The American Antiquities Act, signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on
June 8th, 1906, authorized the President to designate important federally
owned sites or regions as national monuments and
_________________________________.
provided for the protection of archaeological sites on federal land created Petroglyph National Monument as the first protected site assigned the Vice President as controller of these protected areas gave Native Americans control of archaeological sites located on reservation
lands
created a financial endowment to fund archaeologists working in these areas
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2 / 2 pts
Question 98
As discussed in the course readings, the skeleton of Kennewick Man can
currently BEST be described as ____________________.
a Norse colonist who was buried with Native American artifacts the first documented case of European-Native American intermarriage in North
America
a well-documented ancestor of the Umatilla tribe a very early, culturally-unaffiliated Native American who requires further study an early European settler buried in a Native American mass grave 0 / 2 pts
Question 99
Incorrect
Incorrect
Diffusionism, a school of interpretation popular in the early twentieth century,
focused on the central idea that ____________________.
all great technical advances originated in Asia before spreading inventions were "diffuse" and occurred multiple times in different locations
the people of North America were innately less intelligent than their European
counterparts
inventions occurred only once and could be traced back to their point of origin
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2 / 2 pts
Question 100
The two-way flow of domesticates and technology across the Atlantic after
1492 is often referred to as the ________________.
"Atlantic exchange"
"Columbian-exchange"
"Euro-American exchange"
"North American Free Trade Organization"
"Middle-Eastern alternative"
Quiz Score: 152
out of 200
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