Midterm Exam 02 for ANTH 011: Navigating Intro to Archaeology

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 1/35 Midterm Exam 02 Due Nov 1 at 11:59pm Points 140 Questions 50 Available Oct 30 at 12am - Nov 1 at 11:59pm 3 days Time Limit 65 Minutes Instruc±ons A±empt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 44 minutes 126 out of 140  Correct answers will be available Nov 5 at 12am - Dec 9 at 12am. Score for this quiz: 126 out of 140 Submitted Nov 1 at 6:18pm This attempt took 44 minutes. You will have 65 minutes to complete the 50 multiple-choice questions. Once you begin the exam you may not stop and come back at a later time. Some of the questions will come from the quizzes. You will get periodic warnings of time remaining. The exam will automatically submit itself when your time is up. You may use your quizzes, books, notes, and whatever other materials you would like to help you on this exam. I would recommend NOT using the internet or information outside of the textbook or the lessons. Outside material may have slightly different dates or information that will cause you to get questions wrong! Remember that the exam must be taken by yourself. Taking the exam with another student will be considered cheating and the students will be referred to judicial affairs (it's not worth it!). If you experience technical difficulties contact me immediately, so that we can resolve the issue. Good luck! 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 1 Based on evidence obtained using dendrochronology, which of the following do we know began to plague the Southwest farmers after 1150 CE? periodic droughts

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 2/35 heavy rains hailstorms swarms of locust cycles of frost and warming events After 1000BCE conditions became wetter and cooler in the Southwest until around 1150CE when conditions more like those of today returned. After 1150 CE conditions were once again more hostile to farmers than they were when they first started farming the region. Tree rings also reveal that more severe droughts began to plague farmers periodically after 1150CE. (Chapter 6 pg. 115, Lesson 16:5) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 2 Which of the following BEST describes why the Navajo and Apache were able to move into and be successful in areas that were largely abandoned by previous farmers? they possessed hunter-gatherers adaptations that were better suited to current environmental conditions they possessed superior weaponry and were able to force out the remaining inhabitants they experienced incredible overpopulation that forced them to move into uninhabited areas they possessed horses given to them by the Spanish

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 3/35 they kept entirely to themselves and relied only on specialized tribal knowledge to survive Navajos and Apaches were not responsible for the contraction and dislocation of Ancestral Pueblo communities, but they did move into the area abandoned by farmers. The hunter-gatherer adaptations of these groups were better suited to the warmer, drier climates of the area than were the Ancestral Pueblo farmers. The Navajos and Apaches were able to utilize parts of the Southwest that had never been able to be used as farmland and areas that were left vacant by the dislocated Puebloan farming communities. (Chapter 6 p. 129, 138) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 3 Accumulating evidence indicates that the first farming communities in the American Southwest were likely settled by _____________________. Uto-Aztecan speakers expanding northward out of Mexico Spanish colonists who brought with them horses for plowing the land a band a Great Plains hunters who began to farm after the disappearance of large buffalo species Athapaskan speakers who descend from people who drifted southward from Canada around 1500 CE an offshoot of the Hopewell culture that used their mound-building skills to construct irrigation systems

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 4/35 Farming communities appeared in the Southwest region sometime before 1000 BCE. The best explanation for the appearance of the first farmers in the region is the northward expansion of farmers who brought domesticates with them from highland Mexico. This expansion was fairly easy because there are no geographic barriers separating the Southwest from Mesoamerica. Linguistic studies have shown that that these individuals likely spoke a Uto-Aztecan language. (Chapter 6 pg. 113, Lesson 16:2) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 4 Which of the following is NOT part of the “Upper Sonoran Agricultural Complex”? Squash Maize Pinto Beans Manioc Bottle gourds The farming practices that developed in the Southwest involved what Richard Ford has called the "Upper Sonoran Agricultural Complex". The complex includes maize, bottle gourd, three kinds of beans (pinto, navy, and kidney), and squash. This package of domesticates was integrated into the cultural traditions of this region in different ways. There is no archaeological evidence for the domestication or cultivation of manioc in North America before the Spanish arrived. (Lesson 16, Chapter 6 pg. 114).

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 5/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 5 Which of the following Archaic cultures formed the foundation for the Ancestral Pueblo tradition? Mogollon Navajo Apache Oshara (Basketmaker) O'odam Also referred to as the Basketmaker culture, Oshara had become Anasazi/Ancestral Puebloan by about 1 CE in the northern part of the American Southwest. Basketmaker culture was defined as the oldest part of the Ancestral Pueblo tradition in the 1920s, based on sites left by people who had agriculture but did not make pottery. (Lesson 17:1, Chapter 6 pg. 124). 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 6 What archaeological evidence found at Pueblo Bonito suggests that it DID NOT have a large resident population? the small number of rooms in the great house the small size of ceremonial kivas the lack of evidence for storage

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 6/35 the low number of burials the impermanent architecture 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 7 Which of the following BEST describes Montezuma Castle and its relationship to the Aztec emperor Montezuma? it is a cliff dwelling and has absolutely nothing to do with the emperor it is an adobe brick castle built by the emperor after he was exiled by Spanish invaders it is a cliff dwelling built to house the remains of the emperor in its large ceremonial plaza it is a stone building built by Aztec migrants and named in honor of one of their great emperors it is the only stone castle built in the American Southwest that uses the Aztec styles popular during the reign of Montezuma 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 8 All of the following are addressed by the hypothesis that Chacoan roads were built to facilitate pilgrimages to Chaco Canyon EXCEPT ___________________.

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 7/35 the acquisition and transportation of timbers the high-quality construction of the roads the presence of surplus of rooms in Chacoan great houses the importance of turquoise the location and distribution of religious artifacts found in the region 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 9 Why have many professional archaeologists avoided the study of pictographs and petroglyphs in the past? They are notoriously inaccessible and much too difficult to get to because they are typically located on high cliffs and in deep canyons. They are difficult to date and unscientific interpretations have tended to be very speculative. Most are fakes created by recent visitors or for the purposes of attracting visitors to sites. Pictographs and petroglyhs provide very little information and are not at all important to understanding prehistoric cultures. Analysis of pictographs and petroglyphs is typically conducted by cultural anthropologists, not archaeologists.

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 8/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 10 Which of the following is the BEST definition of "temper" as it applies to Native American pottery? sand, crushed shell, grit, or other material added to clay to make shaping and firing easier to control a term used to describe how easily a material could be shaped into a particular vessel a glaze applied to the outside of some items to prevent cracking during the firing process silt and mud added to clay to allow for the production of finer, smooth walled vessels a term used to describe how aggravated a potter was likely to get when attempting to construct a particular form 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 11 Teotihuacan became the greatest urban center in the Basin of Mexico after much of the infrastructure of the city of Cuicuilco was destroyed by _______________. a series of inept political leaders

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 9/35 a series of droughts several volcanic eruptions a collapse of the city's irrigation system invading Aztec armies Teotihuacan and Chicuilo were large competing polities in the Basin of Mexico. Around 150 BCE, the volcano, Xitli, erupted and destroyed much of the infrastructure of the city. About 400 years later (sometime around 300 CE.,the volcano erupted again left much of the settlement encased within a lava flow. This shifted the center of political power in the Basin of Mexico to Teotihuacan.(Chapter 7:8 pg. 150 -151, Lesson 20:3) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 12 The collapse of Copan and other classic Mayan ceremonial centers is most likely due to changes resulting from _________________. unpredictable variations in precipitation and temperature many centuries of overpopulation a drop in the number of large game animals in the region new diseases brought by Europeans a change in religion where these centers were no longer important

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 10/35 Although the collapse of Maya centers was neither sudden nor universal, the collapse in many areas can be explained by unpredictable variations in temperature and precipitation that allowed for a multitude of other factors to come into play. These secondary factors ultimately caused political and social collapse. Without the severe and prolonged drought that plagued the region around 850 CE, it is unlikely that the other factors would have individually caused collapse at this time.(Chapter 7:16 pg. 166-168, Lesson 21:7) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 13 The politically dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Oaxaca during the Classic Period was the ________________. Mixtecs Olmecs Maya Zapotecs Toltecs 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 14 Which of the following is NOT one of the principle architectural feature of Teotihuacan? Pyramid of the Sun Pyramid of the Moon

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 11/35 Avenue of the Dead Temple of the Inscriptions Temple of Quetzalcoatl The Teotihuacanos built monumental architecture on a scale greater than anything previously seen in Mexico. The Pyramid of the Moon, Pyramid of the Sun, The Avenue of the Dead, and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl (although all fairly inappropriately named) are all highly visible architectural features of Teotihuancan. (Chapter 7:9 pg. 153- 154, Lesson 20:4) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 15 _______________ culture - the best known of the formative cultures of later Mesoamerican societies - provided the basis for the elaborate calendrical systems of the Maya. Cichimec Oaxacan Olmec Aztec Zapotec

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 12/35 Once considered the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, the Olmecs are just the best known formative culture. They developed along the Gulf of Mexico and their culture included many of the major themes seen in later Mesoamerican cultures. Notably, their use of the long count, 260 day, and 365 day calendars was adopted by the Classic Maya.(Chapter 7:6 pg. 147-148, Lesson 19:6) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 16 Raised agricultural beds (fields) separated by canals in a lake or swampy ground are known as ______________. chinampas comales danzantes ciudadelas adosadas 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 17 The tomb of Pacal is located in which Mayan ceremonial center? Tikal Palenque Copan

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 13/35 Quirigua Teotihuacan 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 18 Which of the following is NOT located in the Basin of Mexico? Copan Lake Texcoco Teotihuacan Cuicuilco Modern Mexico City 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 19 The highlands of Guatemala and the lowland Peten and Yucatan regions of Mexico and Belize are home to the ______________. Maya Inca Aztecs Iroquois

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 14/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 20 The codices of the Maya can BEST be described as _____________. engraved calendars found at Maya ceremonial centers vividly painted ceramic representations of Maya deities stone discs that allowed archaeologists to “decode” Maya writing largely pictorial books describing calendrics, ritual, religion, and history 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 21 The two main island cities at the heart of the Aztec empire were ___________ and ______________. Tlacopan and Azcapotzalco Tlatelolco and Tenochtitlan Texcotzingo and Texcoco Chalco and Xochimilco Tula and Tollan

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 15/35 The ancestors of the Aztecs likely migrated from parts of northwestern Mexico around 1250 CE. They called themselves Mexica and existed as subjects to various city-states located around the Basin of Mexico. They were widely considered to be bad neighbors and rude barbarians. This was the result of their reputation for widespread human sacrifice, the kidnaping of women, and the willingness to almost eat anything. They were eventually forced to retreat to a swampy island in Lake Texcoco where they founded the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateleleco. These became the core of the Aztec empire. Tlatelolco was the commercial capital, with a huge central market, while Tenochtitlan contained the emperor’s palace and the main temples.(Chapter 8 p.174, Lesson 22: 2-3) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 22 As the result of ______________________________, only 13 of the countless books created by Aztec scribes are known to have survived to the present day. a great fire that destroyed the museum in which most of these books were housed in the early 1900s the sinking of several Spanish ships that contained most of the books confiscated from the Aztec people the efforts of the Spanish to systematically eradicate non-Christian texts the tendency of deerskin to degrade over time the primitive types of pigments available in Mesoamerica

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 16/35 When the Spanish arrived in Mesoamerica they found many examples of pictorial writing in the form of codicies. These were produced on bark or deer hide and had vivid color illustrations. They were most divinatory almanacs that were consulted at important events in a persons life to determine their fate. To the Spanish, these were the works of the devil and had to be destroyed. The books were burned in heaps and only 13 are known to have survived. (p. 183-184) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 23 ___________, the capital of the Toltec Empire, was probably initially founded around 700CE. Tula Teotihuacan Cholula Monte Alban Uxmal Tula was the capital of the Toltec empire. It was located on the fringe of a desert and was likely founded around 700 CE. As Nahuatl- speaking immigrants were forced south, they joined the community and Tula became a full-blown city-state of around 60,000 people between 900-1175 CE. (Chapter 8, p.172-173, Lesson 22) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 24

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 17/35 Approximately how many Gods were likely recognized by the Aztecs as part of their religious practice (maximum number inventoried so far)? only 1 - they were monotheistic 2 - emphasized by the concept of dualism present in daily life 13 - one for each of the numbers of the Aztec calender 20 - one for each of the day names of the Aztec calender 100+ - gods for almost every aspect of daily-life The Aztecs had gods for nearly every craft and profession. They even had gods who were patrons of such things as filth and lust. In 1971, Henry Nicholson inventoried 12 gods. Each was assigned a domain of jurisdiction and each had a place in the 260-day calendar. Gods could transform themselves from one deity to another, take alternative names, become more than one at the same time, and some were thought of as versions of others. As you can see, simply counting the number of gods in Aztec religion is not as easily accomplished as you would imagine. (Chapter 8:5 pg. 180) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 25 The pochteca can be best described as ________________. Aztec long-distance traders Aztec warriors Tlaxcalan warriors destitute commoners in the Aztec Empire

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 18/35 Mixtec polychrome pots The Pochteca were the richest commoners in the Aztec social structure. They were long-distance traders, acquiring raw materials and goods from far away which supplied the great market of Tlatelolco and the craftpersons of the Aztec capital. They enjoyed a certain degree of "upper class" status in Aztec society. They were also known to act as spies for the Aztec administration.(Chapter 8 p.177, Lesson 23) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 26 Prehistoric Maya settlements on the Yucatan peninsula used which of the following as their primary source of water for their daily needs? open sinkholes in the limestone shelf rainfall collected in wooden cisterns the ocean the many rivers that traverse the surface of the landscape hand-dug wells 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 27 Which of the following effectively caused the fall of the Aztec Empire?

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 19/35 over a decade of severe food shortages and outbreaks of cholera that caused populations to plummet the conquest of Cortes and his army of conquistadors in conjunction with their Tlaxcalan allies and deadly smallpox a two-decade long civil war between the Aztecs and their neighboring city- states a series of volcanic eruptions that destroyed the ability of the major Aztec city- states to grow and transport food and other goods a great flood that caused major Aztec city-states to be isolated and forced into submission by the Spanish 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 28 The largest pyramid in the Americas was built at which of the following sites? Tula Teotihuacan Cacaxtla Tenochtitlan Cholula

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 20/35 The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan is an enormous construction, but still smaller than the main pyramid at Cholula. It was the largest pyramid built in the Americas. The Spanish built a Christian church atop the pyramid to symbolically claim it both politically and religiously. (Lesson 22) 0 / 2.8 pts Question 29 Incorrect Incorrect The Aztec Empire was initiated with the forming of the Triple Alliance and a successful rebellion against the ___________________ in 1427. Mexica Mixtecs Zapotecs Tepanecs Chontal Mayas The Aztecs of Tenochititlan and Tlatelolco allied themselves with the cities of Texcoco and Tlacopan as the first step forward building their empire. In 1427 they overthrew the Tepanecs who inhabited Azcapotzalco, the dominant city state in the Valley of Mexico after the fall of the Toltec Empire. Although much of the evidence we have for this Triple Alliance comes from sources written decades after the Spanish conquest, most scholars assume these accounts to be credible as long as the continue to be supported by other lines of evidence. (p. 173-174, Lesson 23)

11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 21/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 30 Mixtec craftspeople are best known for creating complex stonework mosaics, brightly colored ceramics, and elaborate objects made of ________________. Gold Silver Copper Bronze Iron 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 31 The largest single earthen mound north of Mesoamerica is Monks' Mound at the site of __________________. Cahokia Snakeville Moundville Oculgee Etowah

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 22/35 Although the people of Cahokia built over 100 mounds, about half of the fill used in these earthworks went to construct a huge platform mound in the center of the town. Monks' Mound at Cahokia is very large, but could have been built by a relatively small group of people working a few weeks each year. Successive building phases brought this mound to a height of 30 meters after centuries of effort. It is the largest earthen structure north of Mesoamerica (Chapter 9:5 - p. 201- 202, Lesson 26:1 - Cahokia) 0 / 2.8 pts Question 32 Incorrect Incorrect All of the following are characteristics of chiefdoms EXCEPT that ___________. they are more socially complex than tribes they are very stable and often last for a very long time they have two or more levels of integration they have a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of elites chiefs maintain support by the control and redistribution of food and other valuables

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 23/35 Chiefdoms can be more simply defined as socio-political organizations that feature two or more levels of integration. In order to form, they require a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of elites and complex enough to require their authority and ranked organizational structure. Chiefdoms are often lead by charismatic leaders who held the allegiance of those subordinate to them by force of personality. They earned their keep by managing surpluses of critical resources. Chiefdoms are inherently unstable and tend to cycle in and out of existence because of their tendency for them to fission when they experience internal conflict. (Lesson 25:10, Chapter 9 pg. 197-198). 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 33 Which of the following occurred at the Spiro site in the 1930s and has hindered our ability to make reliable conclusions about the role of the town in relations between Mesoamerica and the Eastern Woodlands? the Pocola Mining Company looted the site and removed thousands of artifacts a severe flood interrupted excavations and displaced most of the uncovered artifacts the site was improperly excavated and only poor documentation exists a tornado interrupted excavations and destroyed most of the site documentation

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 24/35 the site was used for farming before it could be properly excavated destroying the context of most artifacts The Spiro site in Eastern Oaklahoma was an important entry port for trade goods and ideas coming out of Mesoamerica. The Pocola Mining company was formed specifically to loot the site and during 1933-1935 looters removed thousands of artifacts made of copper, shell, stone, basketry, and textile. Had looters not destroyed the context of the artifacts when they removed them for profit, archaeologists might well be able to say much more about the functioning of chiefdom society at Spiro and its role as a gateway town between Mesoamerica and the Eastern Woodlands. (Chapter 9 pg. 214-215, Lesson 27:13-14) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 34 All of the following are true of the "vacant quarter" EXCEPT that _______________. is was centered in the American Bottom portion of the Mississippi Valley it resulted from the collapse and abandonment of Middle Mississippi chiefdoms it was centered around the early stages of the Little Ice Age inhabitants were pressured by the arrival of more northerly tribal farmers the area was rapidly depopulated by a flu epidemic

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 25/35 The collapse of Middle Mississippian chiefdoms and the abandonment of many of their associated villages left a "vacant quarter" in the American Bottom portion of the Mississippi Valley. Depopulation began to occur in many areas around the time of the Little Ice Age, which caused difficulties for farming. Crops were also failing north of the Mississippi Valley and farmers there were forced to migrate south. This likely contributed to the pressures put on the Middle Mississippian chiefdoms during this time. The Vacant Quarter was produced by a number of interrelated causes, but a flu epidemic was not one of them. (Chapter 9:8 - p. 207, Lesson 26:7 - The Vacant Quarter) 0 / 2.8 pts Question 35 Incorrect Incorrect In the Mississippian region, an important non-agricultural source of protein was provided by ______________. Fish Wild beans Human Flesh Algae Maize Beans are an excellent source of protein, but did not arrive in the Eastern Woodlands until several centuries after the arrival of maize. Fish, including catfish, inhabited the oxbow lakes of the rivers in this area and provided an important source of protein. (Lesson 25:7 - Fishing, Chapter 9 - p. 197)

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 26/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 36 Which of the following events was likely responsible for the collapse of the Middle Mississippian polities in the 15th century? the end of the Pleistocene the Medieval Maximum Columbus's discovery of the New World the Little Ice Age the eruption of Mount St. Helens 0 / 2.8 pts Question 37 Incorrect Incorrect Based on archaeological evidence, which of the following BEST describes the introduction of maize, beans, and squash into the Eastern Woodlands? maize, beans, and squash arrived as a single package around 750 CE beans arrived first, followed hundreds of years later by squash and maize maize and squash were staple foods, but beans were never able to grow in the northern climate maize and beans were important, but we have no archaeological evidence of squash in the region

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 27/35 squash was an important early domesticate, followed by maize and, much later, beans 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 38 Between 600 and 800 CE, the nature of hunting and warfare in many parts of Eastern North America was changed by _____________________. the sudden arrival of maize from Mesoamerica widespread use of the bow and arrow a severe reversal in climatic trends the collapse of regional exchange networks changes in settlement density 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 39 The two dominant themes of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex are the importance of ancestors and ___________________. warfare fertility animal gods human sacrifice shamanism

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 28/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 40 Why did it take until after 1200CE for beans to become an important components of the diets of the people of the Eastern Woodlands? beans were a culturally inappropriate food to consume and no one knew how to cook them Mexican beans required time to adapt to the shorter number of daylight hours available as they moved north there was no trade and exchange between Mesoamerica and the Eastern Woodlands to introduce beans into the area so many other forms of protein were available in the Eastern Woodlands diet that beans were rejected for many years beans were only adopted after much of the fish and game in the region had be hunted to near extinction 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 41 What characterizes graves at the Norris Farm site in western Illinois? elaborate burial mounds replete with luxury goods that signify elite status

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 29/35 the burial of large numbers of culturally significant animals, suggesting routine animal sacrifice widespread skeletal trauma and evidence of violence, suggesting endemic warfare the burial of only women, children, and those of extremely low status all graves are located beneath vacated longhouses Many of the 250 individuals buried at Norris Farm died violently. Arrow points embedded in bones, depression fractures in skulls, cut marks left by scalping, and other signs all point to endemic warfare. The Norris Farms site is a well-known Oneota mound cemetery. The mounds housing the dead were modest, as were the grave offerings. The Oneota people lived in an egalitarian tribal society that lacked ranking and traits of other chiefdoms. (Lesson 28:13, Chapter 10, p. 236-237) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 42 During the Medieval Maximum the boundary at which 120 frost free days occur annually shifted further _____________. North South East West

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 30/35 Northeast The Medieval Maximum was a long-term warm spell that peaked around 1000 CE. This warm period pushed the line of 120 frost-free days further north and expanded the region appropriate for certain types of farming. This had a great impact on maize agriculture, which requires 120 frost free days to mature. (Chapter 10:1 p. 218-219, Lesson 28:1) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 43 Which of the following is the major assumption underlying the in situ hypothesis as posed by James Griffin? migration is rare and has to be supported by strong evidence before it can be inferred lithic, botanical, settlement, and linguistic data will always be found for any tribe that evolved in situ tribes must remain in situ for extremely long periods of time for evidence of their evolution to be found large game animals and Native American tribes in the northeastern United State co-evolved crops such as maize, beans, and squash evolved in situ in the Northeastern United States prior to being exploited by Native Americans

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 31/35 In the mid-1940s, James B. Griffin rejected untestable speculation and urged his students to begin with the assumption that migration was rare and had to be supported by evidence before it could be inferred. His model hypothesized that Northern Iroquoians had evolved in situ (in place). This became the standard working hypothesis in Iroquoian archaeology for the next fifty years. The accumulated archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence no longer allows for a model that assumes a 2,000-year-in-place development of the Northern Iroquoians. (Lesson 30:7, Chapter 10 p. 224-225) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 44 In general, the onset of epidemics in the American Northeast and Midwest was delayed by _______________. the absence of European children who carried the germs that Native Americans lacked immunity towards the great vacant areas of low population in the Appalachians skirmishes with the French that kept the English and Spanish away from Native American settlements the onset of the Little Ice Age the anti-bacterial properties of the plants used to construct Iroquoian longhouses

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 32/35 Many of the diseases that decimated Native American populations were Old World childhood afflictions. These diseases did not become a problem in the New World until entire families were settled. The epidemics were occurred anywhere from the 16th to 19th centuries depending on the region and how early families were settled there. Despite the delay, once the diseases arrived, they swept through the Eastern Woodlands and rapidly depopulated large sections of the region. Within several decades, the land had reverted to wilderness. (Chapter 10:10 p. 238-239, Lesson 29:8). 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 45 Algonquian rock art emphasizes imagery of _________________. hunting and fishing political organization and powerful gods warfare and human sacrifice transformation and sexuality agriculture and weather patterns Shamanistic transformation and sexuality are the major themes of Algonquian rock art. The Woodview petroglyphs in Ontario and the Solon petroglyphs in Maine are two excellent examples. (Chapter 10:5 p. 221 -222, Lesson 29:4) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 46

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 33/35 The Northern Iroquois lived in dense, compact, semi-permanent villages composed of ____________. clusters of wigwams around a central plaza multifamily longhouses constructed of saplings and bark single-family longhouses made of mud-brick and sod tepees in the winter and grass huts in the summer cedar plank lodges 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 47 The primary defining feature of matrilineal societies is that ____________. family decent is traced through the female line men and women live in different forms of housing women are always in politically dominant roles women have lower social, political, and economic status than men 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 48 A "wigwam" can BEST be described as ___________________. a dome-shaped house having a framework of bent saplings and a covering of bark or mats

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 34/35 a defensive wall of large posts a semisubterranean room used for ceremonial purposes a long rectangular structure built of saplings and covered in sod a portable shelter consisting of a set of poles covered in animal skins 0 / 2.8 pts Question 49 Incorrect Incorrect Over time, Cheyenne subsistence adaptation shifted from wild rice gathering to_____________________. maize horticulture and then to bison hunting shellfish gathering and deep sea fishing maize agriculture and back to wild rice gathering bean cultivation to maize, bean, and squash cultivation purely hunting-gathering and then to full-scale bison hunting 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 50 Increased production of standard-sized marine shell wampum by New England Algonquian craftspeople after 1600CE was made possible by __________________. the availability of European metal tools

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11/1/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476918 35/35 a rapid increase in the birth rate leading to more children participating in production an explosion in the local shellfish populations the spread of new shell-drilling technology from neighboring tribes the production of specialized workshops in towns Quiz Score: 126 out of 140

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Midterm Exam 02_ [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG_ Intro N A Archy (Rochette)

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