Midterm Exam 01_ [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG_ Intro N A Archy (Rochette).pdf

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 1/35 Midterm Exam 01 Due Sep 26 at 11:59pm Points 140 Questions 50 Available Sep 25 at 12am - Sep 26 at 11:59pm 2 days Time Limit 65 Minutes Instruc±ons This quiz was locked Sep 26 at 11:59pm. A±empt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 54 minutes 126 out of 140 Score for this quiz: 126 out of 140 Submitted Sep 26 at 6:24pm This attempt took 54 minutes. You will have 65 minutes to complete the 50 multiple-choice questions. Once you begin the exam you may not stop and come back at a later time. Some of the questions will come from the quizzes, but the answers will NOT be in the same order. You will get periodic warnings of time remaining. The exam will automatically submit itself when your time is up. You may use your quizzes, books, notes, and whatever other materials you would like to help you on this exam. I would recommend NOT using the internet or information outside of the textbook or the lessons. Outside material may have slightly different dates or information that will cause you to get questions wrong! Remember that the exam must be taken by yourself. Taking the exam with another student will be considered cheating and the students will be referred to judicial affairs (it's not worth it!). If you experience technical difficulties contact me immediately, so that we can resolve the issue. Good luck! 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 1 The geographic coverage of this course includes __________. only the contiguous forty-eight states

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 2/35 only the U.S., Mexico, and the Caribbean North America, Mesoamerica, and South America the Western Hemisphers the Americas from the Arctic to Mesoamerica Correct! Correct! This question is discussed in the preface of your book, Lesson 1 - Main Point 7 (Lesson 1:7), Lesson 3 - Main Point 1 (Lesson 3:1), and Chapter 1 - Summary Point 7 (Chapter 1:7). Your book is unique because it focuses on all of North American, not just the United States and Canada. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 2 North American archaeology is important to science and our understanding of human societies because_____________. our universities are better. there has been less destruction of archaeological remains here than elsewhere. people lived longer in the Americas than in other parts of the world. it reveals that civilization arose independently more than once. Correct! Correct! there's more money in it than there is in Classical archaeology.

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 3/35 This question deals with Chapter 1 - Summary Point 1 (Chapter 1:1). Please re-read the section in the text relating to this point on pages 1 and 2 of your text. 0 / 2.8 pts Question 3 The basic anthropological vocabulary used to classify polities includes the terms "band," "tribe," "chiefdom," "state," and _________________________. conglomerate empire orrect Answer orrect Answer kingdom corporation nation You Answered You Answered This question relates to Chapter 1, Summary Point 4 (Chapter 1:4) and Lesson 3, Main Point 5 (Lesson 3:5). Please review the sections of the lesson and the text that discuss this concept (pg. 10-11). The definitions of these general terms vary from researcher to researcher, but the terms themselves are fairly standard. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 4 Which of the following factors prevented the agricultural intensification and the development of large complex societies during the Pleistocene?

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 4/35 frequent volcanic eruptions an overabundance of megafauna that trampled and ate crops a hostile and unpredictable climate Correct! Correct! a lack of draft animals (e.g., mules, oxen, horses, etC. the lack of a formal system of language 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 5 Archaeology is a scientific discipline that does NOT include the study of ______________. paleontology Correct! Correct! chronology stratigraphy ecology history You are not alone - by one survey approximately 93% of Americans believe that archaeology includes the study of dinosaurs. This question relates to Lesson 1, Point 1 (Lesson 1:1). This concept is also discussed in the text on pg. 3 of the text. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 6

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 5/35 In both biological and cultural evolution the fundamental unit of selection is the ___________. gene chromosome society individual Correct! Correct! meme 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 7 _______________ are pecked or engraved on rock faces whereas ________________ are painted on rock surfaces. pictographs; petroglyphs ideographs; petroglyphs petroglyphs; petrograms petroglyphs; pictographs Correct! Correct! pictographs; ideograms 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 8 Evidence of climate change over the last 12,000 years is provided mainly through the analysis of ice cores, deep sea cores, lake sediment cores, and ________________.

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 6/35 tombstones Native American oral tradition animal bones projectile points tree rings Correct! Correct! 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 9 "Culture" is BEST defined as ____________. a set of non-biological features shared by members of a population Correct! Correct! an indication of high status in modern society restricted to the rich stories, fairy tales, and fables passed down through generations the expression of human genetic material in the archaeological record 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 10 Archaeology covers all of human history. This represents only a tiny fraction of the age of the earth, which is about __________ years old. 4,600 46,000 4.6 million

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 7/35 4.6 billion Correct! Correct! 46 billion 0 / 2.8 pts Question 11 Many archaeologists now argue that the earliest people in America migrated down the Pacific Coast because _____________. all Native American groups along the Pacific Coast speak exactly the same language and look the same. the earliest Native Americans left a written record of their travels. the hunter-gatherers of Siberia knew that America existed and took the quickest route to a better climate. You Answered You Answered the deglaciated coastline between 15-16,000 years ago would have supplied driftwood as fuel for heat. orrect Answer orrect Answer many sites in South America provide conclusive evidence that Native Americans moved rapidly down the coast.

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 8/35 The slow expansion of the the hunter-gatherers of Siberia was not an intentional migration to a known destination. Evidence from Monte Verde, Chile may suggest a rapid migration down the Pacific Coast; however,other archaeologists contend that there is no indisputable evidence of humans anywhere in South America older than 11,000 BP. Although Native Americans along the Pacific coast share fundamental biological and linguistic traits, significant variation is present between groups. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 12 Which of the following best describes the "land bridge" which existed between Siberia and Alaska and allowed the first people to enter North America? a rudimentary bridge built by humans over a shallow sea a bed of gravel deposited by a retreating glacier that humans could walk on a wide stretch of land now known as Beringia Correct! Correct! a narrow strip of ice connecting the two land masses a large ice sheet connecting the continents As previously discussed, during the Pleistocene epoch sea levels dropped as a large portion of the Earth's oceans were sucked up into glacial ice. This exposed the continental shelf and land bridges that today are covered in shallow seas. Beringia was one of these land bridges that stretched from Siberia to Alaska. It was truly a substantial stretch of land that was over 1,000 miles across (in width and stretched the distance from Siberia to Alaska. (Chapter 2:4)

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 9/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 13 Which of the following is NOT true about domesticated dogs? they were intentionally domesticated by humans for the sole purpose of hunting Correct! Correct! they likely appeared in Eastern Asia around 15,000 years ago there was strong selection for social and cognitive abilities during the course of domestication they likely accompanied the first populations of humans that entered North America mitochondrial DNA seems to indicate that they all descend from a common origin in a single gene pool Domestic dogs are the oldest domesticated species that we currently know of. They likely appeared in Asia around 15,000 years ago and their mitochondrial DNA seems to indicate that they all descend from a common origin in a single gene pool. Genetic evidence indicates that there was strong selection for their social and cognitive abilities during the period of domestication and that they likely accompanied the first populations who enter North America. It is important to remember that domestication was most likely NOT an intentional event for any specific reason. (Chapter 2:5) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 14

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 10/35 The _________________ is a material culture complex that is thought to have spread into Eastern Siberia along with the ancestors of the first Native Americans. Beringian Solutrean Paleoindian Gravettian Correct! Correct! Mousterian The Gravettian was an Upper Paleolithic culture that spread eastward into Siberia. The people of the Gravettian culture created some of the "Venus" figurines and cave paintings many people are familiar with. As an interesting point, they also sometimes used the bones of mammoths and mastodons as building materials because they were readily available and provided good insulation in cold climates. (Lesson 5:2) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 15 A 1300-year return of cold conditions at the end of the Pleistocene is known as the _______________. Pleistocene Younger Dryas Correct! Correct! Little Ice Age Older Dryas

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 11/35 Upper Paleolithic The Younger Dryas marked a reversal in the trend towards warmer climates in the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. It lasted from around 10,850 to 9550 BCE (around 13,000 years ago). It might seem like a trivial point, but the Younger Dryas episode was a major event in human history and it came around the time of the peopling of North America. (Chapter 2 - definition section p.40, pg. 26, Lesson 4:6) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 16 The BEST definition of "biface" is _____________________. a type of cliff-dwelling that is exposed on two sides a flat chipped-stone tool having two faces Correct! Correct! a tool chipped on one side made from a blade and used to chisel bone, antler, and ivory a small stone sculpture with two faces often found at Upper Paleolithic sites the long, concave scar left by one or more flakes detached from the side of a projectile point 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 17

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 12/35 Which of the following is the BEST definition of "glottochronology"? a German technique for comparing determining the origin of words based on the half-life of vowel sounds a method of estimating the timing of the breakup of related languages by measurement of changes in core vocabulary Correct! Correct! a detailed chronology of a single language from its conception to its modern form a method of site dating developed by Joseph Glotts in the early 19th century a chronology for a particular tribe based on oral histories collected from living members 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 18 The Dyuktai complex of Siberia differs from both the Ushki and Nenana complexes and is characterized primarily by ___________________. microblades and wedge-shaped microblade cores Correct! Correct! highly distinctive fluted projectile points formal cemeteries marked with burial mounds the use of river stones to build complex permanent shelters

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 13/35 tools made from exotic stones acquired through trade 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 19 An Asian origin for the Native American populations of the New World is supported by studies of genetics, linguistics, and _____________. skeletal and dental morphology Correct! Correct! lithic technology architectural and clothing styles pottery styles artistic expression and mythology 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 20 Which of the following is closest to the practical limit of radiocarbon dating? 1.8 million years 14,000 years 50,000 years Correct! Correct! 500,000 years 1 million years

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 14/35 Despite advancement in the technology used to conduct radiocarbon dating, theoretically radio carbon dating can only be used for samples up to 50—60,000 years old. The practical limit to radiocarbon dating is only about 40,000 years. After this point the amount of carbon14 are too small to be measurable. Luckily for us, everything of archaeological interest in North America falls within this range. (Lesson 4:3, Chapter 2 Box 2.1 pg. 27) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 21 Which of the following is a warning sign that a site claiming pre-Clovis occupation may not be legitimate? radiocarbon dates were run on an individual, clean, and taxonomically indentified carbon samples the site has a suite of radiocarbon dates exhibiting low standard error the analysis of the site was widely publicized only in newspapers, magazines, or online sites Correct! Correct! the results of the site analysis were published in a peer-reviewed journal multiple samples that were dated from undisturbed strata in direct contact with diagnostic artifacts

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 15/35 There have been many pre-Clovis claims, but the number that measure up to modern dating standards are few. To pass muster the empirical data from candidate sides must 1) have suites of radiocarbon dates exhibiting low standard error, which were 2) run on single, clean, and taxonomically identified carbon samples that were 3) in undisputed primary association with diagnostic artifacts, and 4) the results must have been published in a peer-reviewed publication. (Chapter 3 pg. 45) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 22 The Atlantic Alternative is a hypothesis for the origins of Clovis in North America and states that __________________. the Clovis complex is derived from the Solutrean culture of Upper Paleolithic France and Spain Correct! Correct! the ancestors of Clovis arrived in the new world after crossing the Pacific Ocean in boats North American was populated by people who migrated across Canada and down the Atlantic Coast the Clovis complex could have derived from the Mousterian culture found in Eastern Europe genetic, dental, and linguistic evidence supports a direct link between the Solutrean culture and Clovis

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 16/35 The Atlantic Alternative is a hypothesis for the origins of Clovis in North America that states that Clovis could be derived from the Solutrean culture of Upper Paleolithic France and Spain. Its basis is the idea that individuals of the Solutrean culture of Upper Paleolithic France and Spain could have crossed the Atlantic Ocean in boats and made it to the New World. Dental, linguistic, and genetic evidence all seem to contradict this hypothesis; however, the verdict is still out. (Incidentally, Dennis Stanford visited the Anthropology Dept. at University Park last Spring and presented some new evidence supporting this hypothesis. It will be interesting to follow this in the next several years.) (Chapter 3:6 pg. 56) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 23 All of the following make it difficult for modern archaeologists to study the earliest people in North America EXCEPT that ___________. early Native American populations were small and carried relatively few material possessions areas of the Pacific Coast where migrations may have occurred are now below sea level many sites were located where they would be buried under significant amounts of accumulated sediment only a small number of sites ever existed and were spread over the entire North American continent

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 17/35 all of the earliest sites have already been found and there is nothing left for modern archaeologists to study Correct! Correct! The earliest Americans traveled light, were few in number, and left only the faintest traces on the archaeological landscape. These features alone make it very difficult to study archaeological sites. Furthermore, "vast tracts of continental shelf where these people might have lived and traveled along are out of research below modern sea level. Valleys where they might have hunted and camped lie deeply buried under the accumulated sediments of the last dozen millennia. (p.42)." There were very few sites to begin with and the destructive forces that occur over time have destroyed many of them. It is impossible for us to find ALL of the earliest sites, even if they were all perfectly preserved. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 24 Which of the following best describes the meaning of "anthropogenic"? related to the study of DNA by anthropologists created in part by humans Correct! Correct! the projection of human characteristics on deities or non-human objects the tendency of man to consider consequences only from the human point of view untouched by humans

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 18/35 This is purely a definition question (p.63). In the textbook, anthropogenic was used in the discussion of how Native Americans shaped the landscape using fire as a tool. The landscape of North America was shaped by Native Americans for nearly 10,000 years before the arrival of Europeans on the continent. As Native American populations declined, the landscape returned to wilderness and Europeans mistakenly assumed that the landscape had always looked that way. You will read more about this in later chapters. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 25 The calibration of radiocarbon years to true (calendar) years has been made possible by the exhaustive dating of __________. tree rings Correct! Correct! tombstones bones varves pollen samples The answer to this question can be found in the definition of calibration at the end of your chapter. The calibration of radiocarbon dates was made possible through exhaustive dating of tree rings and other well-dated materials. You will learn more about this in later chapters. (Chapter 3 pg. 46, 63) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 26

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 19/35 The first Folsom point ever recovered was found in New Mexico and was associated with a rib from which animal? a sabertooth cat a mastodon an extinct form of bison Correct! Correct! a giant short-faced bear a mammoth 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 27 Important early Paleoindian sites in North American include Meadowcroft, Topper and ______________. Teotihuacan Cahokia Snaketown Pueblo Bonito Paisley Caves Correct! Correct! 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 28 Based on current archaeological evidence, Pleistocene settlers most likely entered North America by _______________.

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 20/35 sailing along the edge of the Atlantic Ice Sheet rapidly crossing Beringia on horseback crossing the Atlantic and walking northward through South America crossing Beringia slowly on foot Correct! Correct! sailing through the Bering Strait to modern day Alaska 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 29 Which of the following is true about Meadowcroft rock shelter? It is hypothesized that groups came down the Pacific Coast to settle this site Its lower levels are believed to date to the Preclovis period Correct! Correct! Excavator Albert Goodyear proposes that the oldest layer of the site could be 12-18,000 years old The site is known for its quartzite blades It was a mastodon kill site 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 30 Which of the following is presented as one of the arguments AGAINST the overkill hypothesis?

12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 21/35 The extinction was more severe and occurred faster than any other in the past 65 million years No extinctions occurred at the same time on uninhabited islands or in other areas where humans were not present Only a few Paleoindian sites actually contain clear evidence that human hunters successfully killed large Pleistocene mammals Correct! Correct! Simultaneous extinctions of large mammals occurred from Alaska to Patagonia around the time humans arrived Virtually all plants survived the mass extinction of large mammals 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 31 Which of the following is the best description of "debitage"? any and all camp garbage, including animal remains, shell, pottery, and waste flakes from the production of stone tools the process through which waste materials are collected for mound formation waste flakes and chips from the manufacture of chert tools Correct! Correct! the process by which a tribe obtains resources through raiding the period of time in a tribe when a female becomes eligible for marriage

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 22/35 This is a definition question. Debitage is defined as the waste flakes and chips from the manufacture of chert tools. It does not include other waste materials. (Chapter 4, pg. 89) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 32 All of the following were centers of domestication in the Americas EXCEPT _________. US Eastern Woodland the Andean highlands the Canadian tundra Correct! Correct! the Amazon lowlands the Mexican highlands There were four centers of domestication in the Americas (likely about 7 in the world as a whole.. The ones in America were located in the Amazon lowlands, the Mexican highlands, the Andean Highlands, and the US Eastern Woodlands. Potatoes and tomatoes were South American domesticates that did not make it to North America until after 1492. (Chapter 4:8, pg. 86-88, Lesson 12) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 33 Which of the following is the best explanation for the general decrease in projectile point sizes during the Archaic period?

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 23/35 increasing emphasis was placed on teaching younger boys to hunt and assist in obtaining food a technological shift from heavier weapons to lighter spears and spear throwers occurred Correct! Correct! there was a vast reduction in the amount of available raw material for point production populations of this time period hunted only smaller game where larger points could not be used The shift to small spears most likely signals a technological change from heavier to lighter spears during this period. The weighted flexible spear thrower also developed during this period and allowed for greater velocity than would have been possible with a rigid spear thrower. (Chapter 11:1) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 34 During the Archaic period, Native Americas influenced the makeup of Holocene forests and reshaped the landscape of parts of America through the use of __________. heavy machinery iron saws fire Correct! Correct!

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 24/35 irrigation horses Pioneer species such as grasses, birches, tamaracks, pines, and aspens are the first to occupy disturbed ground (some of these are also well adapted for growing in nutrient poor soils left behind after the glaciers retreated in North AmericA.. Maples, beeches, hemlocks, and firs expand into these areas later. Native Americas used fire to change the character of Holocene forests by selecting out the more mature trees and repeatedly encouraging the growth of grasses and pioneer tree species. Many parts of the continent would never have looked the way they do today had humans not been modifying the landscape for over 10 millennia. (Chapter 4, pg. 72) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 35 The large shell middens of the American Southeast are archaeologically attractive because _______________. shell neutralizes soil acidity and promotes good preservation of organic remains Correct! Correct! shell middens were typically the sites of large formal cemeteries middens are the only source of stone tools and pottery that is available in the southeast the middens are only trash pits and are thus not attractive to archaeologists in any way

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 25/35 shell middens are the remnants of stone monuments built to powerful chieftains As people began to settle down and spend longer periods of time in a single location, middens (essentially garbage piles) began to accumulate next to these areas. Shell middens began to accumulate near riversides and coastal camps. These are archaeologically attractive because shell neutralizes soil acidity and promotes very good preservation of organic remains. Shell middens sometimes contain burials, but this was not why they were built or their primary function. (Lesson 11:3) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 36 The Windover site gives archaeologists a rare look at Early Archaic people because _______________. a mudslide covered the site and helped to preserve it its location on a high hill in Florida protected it from flooding its massive shell deposits preserved thousands of textiles, wooden objects, and other organic remains naturally waterlogged deposits at the site preserved materials that typically deteriorate quickly Correct! Correct! it was one of Florida's first federally protected sites, which prevented looting

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 26/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 37 "Palynology" is best defined as the study of ___________. feces water quality pollen Correct! Correct! ancient insects skin color 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 38 Which of the following factors makes it difficult to identify burials of the people Maritime Archaic culture? modern tribes have prevented archaeological excavations in the region members of this culture cremated their dead almost all burials were destroyed by rising sea levels very acidic soils in the region result in extremely poor bone preservation Correct! Correct! the "red paint" in these graves makes them difficult to see in the surrounding soil 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 39

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 27/35 Archaeological evidence indicates that plant domestication in North America occurred _________________. only once domestic livestock were around to help with plowing and fertilization before domestication spread to other agricultural centers in Europe and Asia over the course of many generations where suitable plants existed naturally Correct! Correct! simultaneously for the same plants in Mexico and the Eastern Woodlands first in Asia and spread into the New World via Beringia 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 40 Which of the following BEST describes the points that tipped the spears, darts, and knives of the Archaic peoples of North America? points were made only of sandstone because it was durable and easily available everywhere in North America points are so distinct that they can be used to date sites in the same way that geologists use index fossils all points served similar functions and thus had very little variability in form point styles were quite variable, but are often diagnostic of a specific region or time period Correct! Correct!

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 28/35 they were the first projectile points to be manufactured in the Americas using metal tools 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 41 Which of the following is the distinctive feature of effigy mound culture? Mounds were typically constructed in multiple seasonal building episodes Mounds were often laid out in the shape of animals. Correct! Correct! Mounds were the site of ritualistic human sacrifice. All mounds contained large cemeteries containing extended families. All mounds were located near large lakes. Groups in southern Wisconsin and adjacent parts of Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois continued to build small family burial mounds from 650- 1300 CE. Many of these mounds were laid out in the shape of animals, although some mounds were in the shape of simple domes or linear mounds. This was known as Effigy Mound Culture. (Chapter 5 pg. 108-109, Lesson 15:4) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 42 Which of the following is NOT true about Hopewell culture? expanded through the mechanisms of trade and exchange

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 29/35 utilized exotic raw materials such as copper, mica, galena, marine shells, and alligator teeth declined around 1000CE as the result of a dramatic shift in climate Correct! Correct! developed out of the Adena culture around 200 BCE built mounds of different geometric shapes, often linked together into larger complexes Hopewell culture developed out of Adena culture around 200 BCE. Their earthworks took on more complex forms such as large earthwork enclosures, geometric shaped mounds, and linked complexes of multiple shapes. There is no archaeological evidence for military or colonial expansion of the Hopewell culture, thus it is believed that their expansion was a result of trade and exchange. This is supported by their utilization of raw exotic materials from distant regions. Although archaeologists are not sure of the exact causes of the decline of Hopewell, it is most likely the result of growing population size, competition for resources, and intertribal conflict using newly introduced bow and arrow technology. (Chapter 5 pg. 106-107, Lesson 14:5) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 43 Domestication of plants in the Eastern Woodlands period set the stage for which of the following? the construction of more complex buildings for the storage of crops

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 30/35 widespread trade in both raw materials and finished products as well as the construction of earthworks Correct! Correct! specialization in farming and the loss of other manufacturing skills animal domestication self-sustaining villages that had no need for trade Plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands allowed Native Americans of this period to become more sedentary and exist as tribal societies rather than as highly mobile bands. This change in lifestyle allowed them to begin manufacturing goods and trading in both raw materials and finished products. Plant domestication also set the stage for the construction of mortuary earthworks. (Chapter 5:2) 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 44 Which of the following occurred around the same time as the decline of Hopewell culture? development of a more deadly form of hand ax appearance of the bow and arrow Correct! Correct! earthworks became even more highly valued in society as they became more difficult to construct written records were first kept by tribes as a means to maintain their cultural heritage

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 31/35 decreased costal foraging as a result of a rise in sea levels The bow and arrow made its first appearance in the Eastern Woodlands around the time Hopewell was declining (around 400 CE.. (Chapter 5 pg. 106 , Lesson 14:5) 0 / 2.8 pts Question 45 Which of the following is not one of the major regions contained within the Eastern Woodlands? Appalachian Mountains You Answered You Answered The Great Plains orrect Answer orrect Answer The Great Lakes Ohio River Valley New England and the Maritimes The Eastern Woodlands lies south of the coniferous forests of central and eastern Canada and east of the Great Plains. Because the area is so large, the environment in each region varies greatly in latitude, altitude, soil type, and proximity to the ocean. Despite its variability, the distinctions between regions within the Eastern Woodlands tend to not be sharp, thus archaeologists generally treat it as a single area. Although the Eastern Woodlands may bring to mind the Northeastern portion of the United States, the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes, the New England & the Maritimes, and the Coast Plain are all areas within the Eastern Woodlands region. (Chapter 5, pg. 90-91)

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 32/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 46 Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the Adena and Hopewell cultures? Adena culture was entirely extinct before Hopewell appeared in the same areas. There is no relationship between the two cultures. The two cultures overlapped considerably in both time and space. Correct! Correct! Adena tribes invaded Hopewell territory and took over their lands. Hopewell culture slowly evolved into Adena culture. 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 47 Which of the following are very early, and surprisingly large, earthwork complexes found in Louisiana? Watson Brake and Poverty Point Correct! Correct! Watson Brake and Newark Hopewell and Adena Mound City and Newark Fort Ancient and Marieta

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 33/35 2.8 / 2.8 pts Question 48 Which of the following BEST describes the primary message propagated by the Moundbuilder Myth? anyone attempting to loot Native American mounds would be cursed and die quickly large earthworks throughout the US were constructed by a much more advanced lost race Correct! Correct! ancient mounds in Virginia contained directions to the ancient city of El Dorado archaeologists were purposefully hiding evidence that Native Americans constructed mounds existing Native American tribe were responsible for building large earthworks 0 / 2.8 pts Question 49 Which of the following BEST describes "obsidian"? a form of glass found only on ocean coasts used for making blades and other sharp-edged tools

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 34/35 a man-made material created by melting sand and adding additional local minerals volcanic glass that is usually black in color orrect Answer orrect Answer a red-black mineral composed primarily of iron oxide a glassy cryptocrystalline stone material that is well-suited to making stone tools You Answered You Answered 0 / 2.8 pts Question 50 Adena culture tubular pipes were used for smoking which of the following? They were not used for smoking at all, they are actually ceremonial tubes used during some now forgotten ritual. Nicotiana Rustica, a native tobacco which spread northward from South America, or through the Antilles. orrect Answer orrect Answer Teosinte, a Mexican grass which spread northward around 400 C.E. Nicotiana tobacum, the same tobacco used to manufacture American cigarettes today. You Answered You Answered the leaves of Helianthus annus, the common sunflower.

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12/9/2018 Midterm Exam 01: [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1958703/quizzes/3476916?module_item_id=25116615 35/35 Quiz Score: 126 out of 140

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Midterm Exam 01_ [18FA] ANTH 011, Sec MRG_ Intro N A Archy (Rochette)

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