ANT EXAM 2

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Illinois State University *

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185

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Anthropology

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Feb 20, 2024

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- New World monkeys live in: central and south america Which of the following is true about primates? A. They are very intelligent. B. They display complex social behavior. C. They live relatively long lives. D. All of the above are true about primates ALL OF THE ABOVE - Why do anthropologists and other scientists study primates? A. The study of primates enables advances in medicine. B. The study of primates allows for insight into the origins of humans. C. The study of primates assists in the preservation of their species in the wild. D. The study of primates provides insight into why humans engage in conflict and warfare. E. All of the above are reasons scientists study primates. ALL OF THE ABOVE - Which of the following is NOT true about primate parenting and development? Primates have relatively short periods of time between births. - Primates have reduced reliance on smell, which is reflected in their smaller snouts, as compared with other mammals. True - Humans have ________ canine teeth, whereas monkeys and non-human apes have _________ canines Small and nonprojecting / projecting and pointed - You find a skull while out hiking in the jungle. It has large canines, open orbits, and a small braincase. Based on what you know about primates, you determine that this skull belongs to a: Non-primate - Which of the following is/are prominent tendencies used to define primates? A. They are adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. B. They express a great deal of parental investment. C. They express dietary plasticity. D. All of the above are used to define primates. ALL OF THE ABOVE - The longest period of growth and development is found in: Humans - While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely: A New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet. - You observe a primate at the zoo that has no tail, a large, broad body, and a big brain. This primate belongs to which group? APES

- You find a primate skeleton at a museum. It has relatively long arms, its foramen magnum is at the back of its skull, and it has curved fingers and toes. Based on what you know about the differences in skeletal anatomy between humans and the other great apes, you know that this skeleton belongs to: A non-human great ape - While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses. This indicates: A species of strepsirhini that retain a rhinarium found only in prosimian primates. - In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. This suggests to you that: This primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates still relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life. - Arboreal adaptations are defined as: Adaptations to life in the trees. - The increased brain size observed in the order Primates: Results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity. Demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution - Dietary plasticity in primates refers to: Eating a wide variety of foods. - Among all primates, humans have The largest brain relative to body size. - Phylogeny refers to: Evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior - The variation in living primates provides models for understanding Morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past - According to the textbook, what is the main reason for sociality among primates? Group defense from predators - How was Jane Goodall able to closely observe chimpanzee behaviors? She habituated a group to her presence - What unexpected behaviors and attributes was Jane Goodall the first to document in chimpanzees? A. Meat eating B. Enduring mother-infant bonds C. Tool use D. High intelligence E. All of the above ALL OF THE ABOVE - infanticide is a strategy observed in several different primate species. Which of the following is true about this practice?

Infanticide leads to the cessation of lactation and the resumption of ovulating in the mother, making her sexually receptive - Primates who live with relatives will engage in altruistic behaviors more often than primates who live with unrelated primates. True - A primate with the highest degree of sexual dimorphism in body size and canine length is likely to have which of the following forms of social organization? Single male, multifemale group Which of the following are examples of altruistic behaviors in primates? A. Grooming B. Food sharing C. Anti-predator warning calls D. All of the above ALL OF THE ABOVE - Increased inclusive fitness of those related to an individual engaged in altruism is known as: Kin selection - The difference in size, coloration, or other physical attributes between males and females is known as Sexual dimorphism - Although many primate species are polygynous (one male, multiple females), no primate species are polyandrous (one female, multiple males). False - No non-human primates have material culture False - After watching a documentary on ape intelligence, a student remarks that apes may be smart, but they lack the ability to use language. What would most likely be the professor's response? While apes cannot produce spoken language, various apes have been successfully taught to use symbolic forms of communication, which demonstrate a basic ability to use language. Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances including by A. Rank. B. Age. C. Kinship. D. All of the above. ALL OF THE ABOVE - Grooming involves Bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance - Altruistic behavior Is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

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Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest Includes two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial Vocalizations enable primates to Name resources and monitor the social group A male and female gibbon that are similar in size are likely showing: The lack of sexual dimorphism due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that: Reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in varying reproductive strategies. The higher the social rank of a female primate the Greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates. Which of the following are correct about the fossil and living primate records? The combined record of living species and fossil species is essential for understanding evolution. Living species provide an incomplete picture of evolution because only surviving lineages are represented Does every part of an organism have the same chance of becoming fossilized? No. Hard parts of the body preserve because they have biologically deposited minerals. Soft tissues only rarely preserve because they are made of polymers that bacteria eat What is Taphonomy? The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death Good representation of fossils is important in understanding evolution. Which of the following statements about fossil representation are correct? Certain locations are underrepresented in the fossil record because of a lack of research and/or non-ideal preservation conditions Which of the following body parts are MOST LIKELY to preserve? Mammal teeth Under which of the following conditions, to animal remains have the best chance of becoming fossilized? Anaerobic conditions: low levels of oxygen in the sediment in which the remains are buried. Evolutionary change is always a slow, gradual process. False Which of the following statements about fossils are NOT correct? Once fossilized, and organism's remains will last forever. The use of index species of known age to date fossils of unknown age is known as: Biostratigraphic dating You have discovered a fossil-bearing layer in East Africa and you wish to estimate its age. There are abundant fossils of many savanna species, and you have identified most of them to species or genus. You know that the genus Equus makes its first appearance in Africa at 2.3 mya, and the species Connochaetes gnou first appears at about 1.07 mya. If your site contains both Equus and Connochaetes gnou: Your site is probably younger than 1.07 mya

Through the careful study of bone accumulations, the South African paleontologist Charles Kimberlin Brain realized that the early hominin bones as well as the bones of many other kinds of animals found in the caves were likely due to carnivore activity. True Which of the following dating methods compares fossils, objects, and rock strata to each other and does not provide exact dates? Relative dating methods In evolutionary biology, ________________ is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Convergent evolution Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and western parts of the continent. Why is this? These areas provided better preservation. To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called: A chronological sequence. The earth's age is: 4.6 billion years. If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of: Superposition. The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change is known as: Punctuated equilibrium. The molecular clock has been useful to determine the phylogenetic relationships of species based on the assumption that: A species accumulates genetic differences over time at a relatively predictable rate At a site in the American Southwest, you find only a single, highly decorated ceramic pot in association with an individual within a burial. You can use the pot to date the burial based on: Cultural dating, since the pot must be specific to a known culture and time period Bipedalism is a key defining feature of hominins. true There are numerous physical changes seen in hominin skeletons that relate to the move from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion. These include: Valgus knee (bicondylar angle) and shortened pelvis Although human teeth are very different from those of the non-human apes, there are some ways our teeth have remained very similar, including: Molar morpholog The two features that primarily and consistently distinguish early hominins from apes are: Bipedal locomotion and small, non-honing canines You are a paleoanthropologist excavating 6-million-year-old fossil deposits in Ethiopia. You excavate a partial skull and mandible and are trying to determine whether they

belong to an early hominin or a fossil non-human ape. You take a closer look at the teeth and notice that there is a large diastema between the lower canines and premolars and the upper canines are large and projecting, with wear on the back surface. Based on your analysis you conclude that these fossils belong to: A non-human ape Which of the following traits is NOT associated with the move to bipedalism in hominins? Foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull Charles Darwin concluded that because of the remarkable anatomical similarity between humans and various species of apes, the continent of __________ was hominins' likely place of origin. Africa Charles Darwin's hunting hypothesis stated that bipedalism, tool use, and large brains all evolved together. This hypothesis has been proved true through subsequent fossil hominin discoveries. False Which of the following statements about nonhoning chewing and bipedalism is true? They preceded speech and the use of stone tools by several million years Which of the following factors led to the Piltdown specimen from England being widely accepted, while evidence of hominin evolution in Africa was ignored? A. The Pitdown fossils supported expectations of early brain growth in hominin evolution. B. Eurocentrism and racism led many scholars to dismiss African evidence. C. Faked specimens are very rare in science, so most people took the Piltdown specimens at face value - until large amounts of evidence began to pile up against them. D. All of the above contributed to widespread acceptance of the Piltdown specimens. ALL OF THE ABOVE The earliest part of hominin evolution (circa 4-8 mya) is very well known and represented by thousands of fossils. False Which of the following statements is FALSE about Sahelanthropus tchadensis? It had a nearly human-sized brain. You find a fossil skull dating to 6 million years ago. Although you don't find any leg bones or pelvis, you are able to definitively say that this fossil came from a bipedal hominin because of: The downward angled foramen magnum Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism? Longitudinal arch in the foot Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include: A. An increased ability to see greater distances. B. Ease of traversing long distances of open ground. C. Ease of transporting food. D. All of the above are true.

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ALL THE ABOVE Disadvantages (evolutionary tradeoffs) of bipedalism relative to quadrupedalism include: A. Being more visible to predators. B. Greater risks associated with injuries to a leg. C. Back problems D. All of the above are among the disadvantages associated with the move to bipedalism. ALL THE ABOVE Which of the following is a derived hominin trait first seen in Sahelanthropus tchandensis? Nonhoning chewing complex Ardipithecus ramidus's intermediate form of bipedality included the use of: Palms and feet to move along tree branches. The only pre-australopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is: Sahelanthropus tchadensis. You find a hominin fossil with femurs that angle in towards the knees. Based on this characteristic alone, you can conclude that your fossil species was bipedal. true You are presented with a fossil that was just excavated in Ethiopia. This fossil skull has a large face, large molars, and a prominent sagittal crest, suggesting it is: Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus anamensis is the oldest species currently known in the genus Australopithecus. true Australopithecus afarensis had lower limb morphology indicating very ____________ locomotion. Human-like Which of the following characteristics are associated with Australopithecus afarensis? Non-divergent big toe The most widely-accepted explanation for the enlarged teeth and chewing muscles in the robust australopithecines is that they devoted enormous energy towards chewing tough dried meat. false You uncover the remains of a fossil hominin at Swartkrans, South Africa. It has large teeth and a large face and a very prominent sagittal crest. Based on these features you argue that your fossil belongs to which existing fossil lineage? Australopithecus robustus The genus Australopithecus is widely believed to be ancestral to the genus Homo. true Once hominins became bipedal, they almost immediately lost their arboreal traits. false

Although Homo habilis was once considered the first maker of stone tools, several lines of evidence now point to significant stone tool use amongst the australopithecines. This evidence includes: A. Cut marks on mammal bones found in association with Australopithecus garhi B. Remodeling of bone structure in the hands of Australopithecus africanus C. Discovery of 3.3 mya stone tools at Lomekwi, Kenya D. All of the above support the use of stone tools by australopithecines. ALL THE ABOVE There was an increase in brain size between late australopithecines and early Homo. true The increase in brain size in early Homo compared to late australopithecines was accompanied by an increase in face and tooth size. false Hominins have canines that are: Small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema. Thick dental enamel in__________ helps with crushing food. Australopithecines Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. Its success led to the emergence of the Homo lineage. false The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in having: A. A rounded heel. B. A nondivergent big toe. C. A double arch. D. All of the above ALL THE ABOVE Australopithecus garhi has been proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because: It had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines. The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than: 4 mya One of the notable physical features that differentiates Homo habilis from the australopithecines is that H. habilis exhibited: A slightly larger cranial capacity It is widely agreed that this species is directly ancestral to the Australopithecines: There is no widely agreed upon direct ancestor Which of the following is NOT a general trait shared by the Australopithecines: Control of fire Compared to the australopithecines, Homo habilis had Smaller teeth and a larger brain. Which species is primarily associated with use of Oldowan tools? Homo habilis

You find a fossil hominin during excavations of a 2-3 mya rock outcrop in Ethiopia. Based on the date and the postcranial dimensions (small bodied with short legs) you know that it is a member of the genus Either Homo or Australopithecus are possible What is the correct order for the appearance of the following hominins, from earliest to most recent? Australopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens Although even the earliest hominins were bipedal ________________ was the first obligate biped. Homo erectus Compared to Homo habilis, Homo erectus had smaller teeth and a larger brain Most scholars believe that a larger brain in Homo habilis indicates that tool use may have been more important to their survival than in australopithecines. true Important changes in the landscape of East Africa and South Africa may have been associated with the rise of Homo habilis and the eventual extinction of the australopithecines. Which of the following statements is true about this transition? A diverse array of food resources, including underground plant parts (edible roots, etc.), became more important, which increased selection for the use of tools. As shown by the examples of Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis, the course of human evolution has always been a clear bath with no evolutionary off-shoots and dead ends. false A major reason Eugene Dubois went looking for human ancestors in SE Asia in the 1880s was: Anatomical similarities (particularly thick enameled molars) between humans and orangutans Homo habilis and Homo erectus overlapped in time for nearly a million years. This overlap means that erectus could not have descended from habilis. false Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, with traits like: Double arches and adducted big toe. Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present: In Homo habilis and some australopithecines. Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by: Extensive tool use for obtaining and processing food. A central theme of human evolution is: an increasing adaptive flexibility. The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as: Shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids. What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus? Greater access to protein and improved nutrition due to social hunting and improved tools

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Fossil evidence of cut marks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that: Meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased (more hunting in addition to scavenging) with more advanced technology. Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools: Required more learning and skill to produce. To the best of our knowledge, the first hominid to migrate out of Africa was: Homo erectus Modern humans have a number of anatomical characteristics that distinguish them from archaic humans like Neandertals. These include: High, vertical foreheads and a projecting chin The fossil record for early archaic Homo sapiens shows that they evolved from a Homo erectus ancestor. true You find a fossil mandible from 200,000 year old deposits in Ethiopia. It has relatively small teeth and a projecting chin. Based on these characteristics, you identify your fossil specimen as: Homo sapiens (sapiens) - Modern human Neandertals had many cold adapted traits to help them survive in harsh northern climates. These include a large nasal aperture and large infraorbital foramina, which functioned to: Warm and moisten cold, dry air and increase blood flow to the face. As expected under Bergmann's and Allen's Rules, cold-adapted Neandertals had: A relatively stocky build The fact that modern humans from Europe and Asia share a small percentage of Neandertal nuclear DNA, but not mitochondrial DNA suggests that: Most mating instances involved Neandertal men and modern human women Modern Homo sapiens evolved from archaic forms in Europe. false The Shanidar 1 Neandertal had an injury that may have caused blindness, arthritic feet, and a missing right forearm. Its anterior teeth were severely worn at a steep angle. Which of the following statements describe this individual's life? Others must have cared for this individual for him to survive, at least initially. Following the injury, he used his teeth to compensate for a missing hand Though some anthropologists today still refute the idea, most evidence points to the fact that Neandertals had the ability to speak. This evidence includes: Hyoid bone morphology. Neandertal fossils from the site of Shanidar in Iraq show evidence of intentional burial as well as altruistic behavior. true The Assimilation model (developed by ISU emeritus professor Fred Smith) argues that: Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa and subsequently admixed with archaic populations in Asia and Europe. Modern humans spread throughout the globe, including to previously uninhabited areas like Australia, the Americas, and the Pacific Islands. Which of the following are possible motivations for these populations to move into new areas?

A. Local disappearance of food resources. B. Deteriorating climate. C. Increased competition with neighbors for resources. D. Local population increase. E. All of the above are possible motivations. ALL THE ABOVE Native Americans share the most haplogroups with people from ___________ showing that they immigrated the Americas from this area. Native Americans and people from this region also share the unique trait of shovel-shaped incisors. Northeast Asia The vast majority of genetic variation in humans is found in Africa. Other regions are smaller samples of this great diversity. This indicates that modern humans mainly came from Africa, as suggested by both the Out-of-Africa model and Assimilation model of modern human evolution. true Molars and premolars of early archaic Homo sapiens are reduced in size, while in some populations, front teeth may be increased in size. How do anthropologists explain this observation? Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools. Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals: used symbolism The Neandertals' disappearance after 30,000 yBP involved their: Disappearance from the fossil record, but partial assimilation in the modern human genetic pool. Homo floresiensis ("The Hobbit") has been interpreted as either a distinct and new species of the genus Homo, or an instance of Homo sapiens with an abnormality resulting in distinct features just in that individual. Which of the following is evidence that supports the former interpretation? The presence of a much earlier fossil from the same region, with similar morphologies, suggesting a long period of evolution of this species on the island of Flores. Neandertals were dumb, primitive cavemen with no complex behaviors. false A primary factor distinguishing Homo erectus from Homo sapiens heidelbergensis (early archaic Homo sapiens) is that Heidelbergensis: Had a larger cranial capacity than Homo erectus

ANT EXAM 2

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