ANTH204_Lab3 (1)

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Purdue University *

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204

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Anthropology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab 3: Primate Ecology and Behavior d Lab Objective: Understand how primate skeletal and dental adaptations relate to different locomotive and ecological strategies. Part 1: Primate Morphology and Ecology

Primate Dental Formula Total # of Teeth Diet and supporting dental evidence Gorilla 2-1-2-3/2-1-2-3 32 Gorillas are herbivores and their dentition is adapted for a predominantly vegetarian diet. They have large, thick- enameled molars and premolars for grinding tough plant material. Chimpanzee 2-1-2-3/2-1-2-3 32 Humans and gorillas share a dental structure with chimpanzees. Despite being omnivorous, their main sources of food include fruits, leaves, seeds, and insects. Their relatively big canines are utilized for defense and occasionally small-game hunting. Orangutan 2-1-2-3/2-1-2-3 32 Orangutans are primarily frugivorous, consuming a diet of fruits, flowers, bark, and leaves. Their molars have low, rounded cusps that are adapted for grinding fruit and plant material. Tarsier 2-1-3-3/2-1-3-3 34 Tarsiers are small, nocturnal primates with specialized dentition. Their elongated and sharp-cusped lower incisors and premolars enable them to catch and consume insects, small vertebrates, and tree sap. Howler monkey 2-1-3-3/2-1-3-3 36 Howler monkeys are folivorous, primarily feeding on leaves. Their large, complex molars have a broad surface area and cusps specialized for shearing and processing tough leaves. Ring-tailed lemur 2-1-3-3/2-1-3-3 36 Ring-tailed lemurs are omnivorous, but their diet mainly consists of fruits, leaves, flowers, and insects. Their

1. Fill in the following chart using the “ANTH204_Lab3_Image Sheet” on Brightspace, resources from your textbook, and information from the internet. Part 2: Primate Behavior 1. Watch the following video: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5iuvlj 2. Answer the following questions: 1. How old was Jane Goodall when she began her research? What year was it? Jane Goodall began her research on chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in July 1960. At that time, she was 26 years old. 2. How many generations of Flo's family did Jane observe in the video? Why is it important to study the same family group for so long? However, long-term studies like Goodall's often span several decades, allowing researchers to observe multiple generations of primates. Studying the same family group for an extended period is crucial because it provides insights into the social dynamics, behaviors, and transmission of cultural knowledge within a specific lineage. It allows researchers to track changes over time, understand the development of individual chimps from infancy to adulthood, and unravel the complexities of social relationships and behaviors within a stable group. 3. How are observational studies of populations different from experimental studies? Observational studies of populations involve observing animals in their natural habitats and collecting data on their behavior, interactions, and ecological relationships. Researchers do not manipulate variables or impose experimental conditions on the subjects. Instead, they record and analyze the natural behaviors and responses of the animals in their environment. This approach provides insights into the animals' natural behaviors and social structures. In contrast, experimental studies involve controlled conditions where researchers manipulate variables and conduct experiments to test specific hypotheses. They aim to establish cause-and- effect relationships by systematically controlling and manipulating independent variables and measuring their impact on dependent variables. Experimental studies often take place in laboratory settings and may involve subjects from captive populations. 4. What were some important findings from this long-term study of the chimps in Gombe? Why were these discoveries and the work of Jane Goodall so significant? Note: There are more than 2 right answers!

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 Tool use: Goodall observed chimpanzees using tools, such as sticks or grass stems, for various purposes. This discovery challenged the notion that tool use was unique to humans and opened new avenues for understanding the cognitive abilities and cultural behaviors of non-human primates.  Hunting and meat consumption: Goodall documented chimpanzees engaging in cooperative hunting of small mammals, such as colobus monkeys. This finding provided insights into the hunting behaviors and dietary adaptations of chimpanzees, expanding our knowledge of their ecology and evolutionary history.  Social organization and behavior: Goodall's research revealed complex social dynamics among chimpanzees, including dominance hierarchies, social bonds, alliances, and territoriality. Her observations highlighted the similarities between humans and chimpanzees in terms of social behaviors, communication, and emotional bonds.  Cultural transmission: Goodall's work demonstrated that chimpanzees pass down behaviors and traditions through generations, indicating cultural transmission within their groups. This finding challenged the prevailing belief that culture was unique to humans and shed light on the cultural capacities of non-human primates. We now know a great deal more about tool usage, social cognition, and cultural elements of primates because to Goodall's extensive research in Gombe. Her revolutionary discovery had enormous ramifications for our knowledge of human development, our relationships with other species, and the significance of conservation efforts in addition to revealing the astounding complexity of chimpanzee society. 5. Define and provide at least one example of an individual, population, community, and ecosystem in Jane Goodall's chimpanzee study. - Individual: An individual chimpanzee within the study would be a specific chimp with unique characteristics and behaviors. - Population : The population would refer to the group of chimpanzees living in a specific area, such as the chimpanzees in Gombe National Park. - Community: The community would include the chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, along with other species of animals and plants that coexist and interact with the chimpanzees.  Ecosystem : The ecosystem would encompass the broader environment of Gombe National Park, including the physical factors (such as the terrain, climate, and vegetation) as well as the interactions among

various species, including the chimpanzees, other animals, plants, and their surrounding habitat.

ANTH204_Lab3 (1)

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