Understanding Primate Evolution: Traits and Cladograms

Critical Thinking Practice 4.1.1 Homework Answered Due Today, 11:59 PM According to the cladogram above, which trait is derived in humans? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Vertebral column b Amniotic Egg c Egg with shells d Hair/Fur e Fingernails f Loss of opposable big toe Your answer Answered - Correct! Figure 4.1.1 - A simplified cladogram of animals, showing some of the traits that di±erentiate the termina taxa from each other. Notice that hair/fur is an ancestral trait to all mammals, but it is a derived trait of mammals when compared to all other animals.

Resubmit Critical Thinking Practice 4.1.2 Homework Answered Due Today, 11:59 PM What trait is ancestral to all mammals but NOT birds, reptiles, or fish? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Vertebral column b Amniotic Egg c Egg with shells d Hair/Fur Your answer e Fingernails f Loss of opposable big toe Answered - Correct! Resubmit The main divisions of the Order Primates In this Lab you will explore the main divisions of the Order Primates, to build a basic understanding of how the diversity of primates is structured. We will not get into much

details about the species and genera of our order, but you should be familiar with some of the main groups in our Order, as shown in Figure 4.1.2. The most important divisions in the Order Primates are marked with different colors in this figure. The first (and oldest) is division was the the separation between the two suborders (orange bar in the figure), Strepsirhini and Haplorhini . Strepsirhini (blue box) includes the lemurs, lorises, and galagos. The suborder Haplorhini is further subdivided into two infraorders Tarsiiformes (moss green box) and Anthropoidea (green, yellow, and pink boxes). The first infraorder, Tarsiiformes, includes only the Figure 4.1.2 - Cladogram of the main divisions that are observed in the Order Primates, as discussed in the text.

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tarsiers, which we will explore more later. The second infraorder, Anthropoidea is divided into two parvorders: Platyrrhini (pink box) and Catarrhini (green and yellow boxes). The first parvorder, Platyrrhini, includes the Central/South American monkeys. The second parvorder, Catarrhini , is further subdivided into two superfamilies, Cercopithecoidea (yellow box) and Hominoidea (green box). The first of the superfamilies is Cercopithecoidea (the African/Asian monkeys). The second of the superfamilies, Hominoidea, is subdivided into two families, Hylobatidae (the lesser apes; gibbons in the Figure) and Hominidae (the great apes and humans; all other taxa in the green box). Each and every one of these subdivisions and the relationships between species of every subset is the result of progressive evolutionary changes that caused ancestral species to split into new groups that would further differentiate into new species, which would in turn became ancestral species for the next evolutionary differentiation, and so forth. The divisions presented here are supported by genetic data and can

can also be traced using ancestral and derived characteristics. In this lab, you will compare and contrast six primate clades (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, African/Asian monkeys, Central/South American monkeys, and Hominoids) to build your own cladogram showing their phylogenetic relationship. You will be given the ancestral and derived characteristics of each group, but you will need to decide their occurrence based on the material provided for analysis. A note about taxa names : In this text, we use the designation “Central/South American Monkeys” and “Asian/African Monkeys.” You may read other texts that refer to these as “New World” and “Old World” monkeys, respectively. However, given that these names reflect colonization practices, rather than geographical location, the authors have chosen to emphasize the locations of primates. There are a few traits you should be familiar with before you start evaluating them in the primates represented in this lab. The first trait is the primate dental formula. A dental formula is used to describe the number of different tooth types ( incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) in each quadrant of an

animal’s mouth. For example, humans have the dental formula 2.1.2.3 (see Figure 4.1.3). This means that if you divide both the top and bottom of your mouth in half to make four sections, each section has two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars. You can try this at home by counting the teeth on one quadrant in your mouth—just remember that if you have had your “wisdom teeth” taken out, or they never erupted, then you will only count two molars. The diagram above shows the dental formula in the mandible of dogs (canines), Asian/African monkeys, South/Central American Monkey’s, and Apes/Hominids. In this diagram, dogs (Canine) have an ancestral dental formula found in many mammals. Critical Thinking Practice 4.1.3 Homework Answered Figure 4.1.3 - Dental formulae for four di±erent mammals, with the number and type of teeth indicated in di±erent colors.

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ANTHROP 2200 LAB 4

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