REA215 Assignment 8

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Apr 3, 2024

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REA215 Assignment 8 – Research Proposal Assignment Project Title Understanding the Impact of Hunger on Student Learning Student Name and ID REA215: Fundamentals of Research In Partial Fulfillment Of Bachelor of Information Technology November 21, 2023

Introduction Research Problem/Purpose of the Study The primary objective of my study is to investigate the impact of hunger on the learning and academic success of students at Centennial College. This issue has become increasingly pertinent due to the growing concern about food insecurity among students in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), a phenomenon I have observed and addressed in my previous work (Chohan, November 11, 2023). Context and Necessity of the Research Question Against the backdrop of rising inflation and escalating living costs, particularly in urban settings like the GTA, students are often compelled to prioritize basic survival needs over their educational pursuits. This struggle with food insecurity not only impacts their immediate health but also hinders their academic performance and learning capabilities. My engagement with not-for-profit organizations has provided me with a closer look at the severity of this issue, underscoring its necessity and importance (Chohan, September 23, 2023). Rationale for the Proposed Study There is a notable gap in localized research specifically focusing on how hunger affects students in urban Canadian contexts. While general studies offer insights into the broader impacts of food insecurity (Ke & Ford-Jones, 2015; Ahmad, Sulaiman, & Sabri, 2021), my previous work reveals a need for more focused investigations within the GTA. This study aims to fill this research gap, contributing significantly to both the academic field and practical interventions (Chohan, October 6, 2023). Major Issues and Sub-Problems The research will delve into the extent of hunger among students at Centennial College and explore the direct correlation between food insecurity and academic performance. Additionally, it will address broader socio-economic factors contributing to student hunger and the subsequent emotional and psychological impacts on learning and classroom engagement (Chohan, November 4, 2023). Research Question The central research question is: "How does experiencing hunger influence the academic performance and learning abilities of students at Centennial College?" This question aims to uncover both the direct and indirect effects of food insecurity on education (Chohan, November 4, 2023).

Delimitations and Boundaries The study is confined to the student population of Centennial College, providing a focused exploration within this specific educational and geographical context. This boundary ensures that the findings are relevant and actionable for the local community (Chohan, September 26, 2023). Limitations Potential limitations of this study include the reliance on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases. Additionally, focusing on a single college may limit the generalizability of the findings to other contexts or regions (Chohan, November 4, 2023). Definitions of Key Concepts Hunger : Hunger affects learning by curbing a child’s physical development, inhibiting their ability to focus and perform, and limiting their future achievements. It is widely linked to loss of development potential, with hunger and undernutrition causing low academic achievement, behavioural problems, and limited economic opportunities (Heifer International, n.d.). Academic Performance : Academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher, or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. This is commonly measured through examinations or continuous assessments, but there is no general agreement on how it is best evaluated or which aspects are most important (Wikipedia contributors, n.d.). Learning Abilities : Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. Active learning, a key characteristic of student-centred learning, occurs when a person takes control of his/her learning experience, recognizing what they understand and what they do not. Play, as it pertains to humans as a form of learning, is central to a child's learning and development (Wikipedia contributors, n.d.). Literature Review Organizational Framework In this literature review, I synthesize findings from various studies to address the impact of hunger on student learning. This synthesis is organized around several key themes that directly relate to my research question: "How does experiencing hunger influence the academic performance and learning abilities of students at Centennial College?" These themes include the health and behavioural impacts of hunger, the pervasiveness of food insecurity in higher education, and effective strategies to address these challenges.

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Synthesis of Results Impact on Health and Behavior : Hunger significantly affects students’ health and behaviour, especially in their formative years. Ke and Ford-Jones (2015) discuss how inadequate nutrition leads to chronic health problems and developmental issues in children, setting them on a path that could potentially hinder their future educational and social performance. This aspect of food insecurity underscores the importance of addressing nutritional needs early in a student's educational journey (Chohan, November 11, 2023). Pervasiveness in Higher Education : The issue of food insecurity extends into higher education. Hagedorn- Hatfield, Hood, and Hege (2022) highlight that food insecurity among college students is a widespread and enduring problem. Ahmad Sulaiman and Sabri (2021) link food insecurity to poorer academic performance and mental health issues in university students. These findings reveal that hunger is a pervasive challenge affecting students at all educational levels, necessitating sustained attention and intervention (Chohan, November 11, 2023). Strategies for Addressing Food Insecurity : The literature suggests the need for comprehensive strategies that provide both immediate relief and long-term solutions. Early interventions are critical, as emphasized by Ke and Ford-Jones (2015), while ongoing support throughout a student’s educational journey is equally important, as noted by Ahmad Sulaiman and Sabri (2021) and Hagedorn-Hatfield, Hood, and Hege (2022). These strategies underline the multi-faceted approach required to ensure students have access to sufficient nutrition for their academic and personal well-being (Chohan, November 11, 2023). Areas of Controversy and Further Research Controversy : The literature reveals a debate over the most effective strategies to combat food insecurity in educational settings. While some studies advocate for targeted individual-level interventions, others call for broader policy changes and systemic solutions. This debate highlights the complexity of addressing food insecurity, balancing the need for immediate support with the implementation of long- term, sustainable solutions. Need for Further Research : There is a noticeable gap in research focused on urban Canadian contexts, particularly in areas like the GTA. More research is needed to understand the specific challenges and needs of students in these diverse urban settings. Additionally, there is a need for longitudinal studies examining the long-term academic and social outcomes of early childhood hunger and its ongoing impact in higher education settings. Conclusion of Literature Review This literature review has underscored the significant, multifaceted impacts of hunger on student learning. While existing literature provides valuable insights, there is a crucial need for more focused research in specific contexts like the GTA. Such research could inform targeted interventions and policy development, aimed at effectively addressing food insecurity among students and enhancing their educational outcomes.

Methods/Design Framework Study Type : The study is designed as an Evaluation research type. This choice stems from the objective of assessing the impact of hunger on students' academic performance and learning abilities at Centennial College. The focus is on evaluating the current situation, understanding the extent of the problem, and identifying potential avenues for intervention and support (Chohan, November 11, 2023). Design & Methods Design : I have chosen a Mixed-Methods Approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the issue, capturing both the measurable aspects of the impact of hunger and the deeper, personal experiences of students affected by it. Specific Methods : For quantitative data, detailed questionnaires will be utilized. For qualitative data, in- depth interviews will be conducted. This combination ensures a robust data collection process, capturing a wide range of information (Chohan, November 4, 2023). Participants & Sampling Population Studied : The study focuses on the student population at Centennial College. This group is representative of a diverse urban college community, which is crucial for understanding the impact of hunger in an urban educational setting. Participants : Participants will include students from various demographic backgrounds, encompassing different ages, genders, and socio-economic statuses. Sampling Procedure: A combination of random sampling (for the quantitative survey) and purposive sampling (for qualitative interviews) will be used to ensure a diverse and representative sample. Access to Participants: Utilizing my connections at Centennial College and leveraging digital platforms, I will recruit participants. This might include posting notices around the campus and using social media platforms to reach a wider student audience (Chohan, September 26, 2023). Instruments Questionnaire : The questionnaire will capture data on students' experiences with hunger, their academic performance, and other socio-economic variables. It is chosen for its ability to gather specific, quantifiable data efficiently. Interviews : Semi-structured interviews will offer insights into students' personal experiences with hunger. This format allows for flexibility and in-depth responses, providing rich qualitative data. Validity and Reliability : Both instruments are chosen for their established reliability and validity in social science research. The questionnaire will undergo a pilot test to ensure clarity and effectiveness (Chohan, November 4, 2023).

Procedure Development and Piloting : The questionnaire will be developed and initially piloted with a small group to refine questions and ensure clarity. Data Collection : Following the pilot, the questionnaire will be distributed to the selected sample. Interviews will be scheduled and conducted with participants who agree to provide deeper insights. Duration of Engagement : Participation in the survey is expected to take approximately 30 minutes. Interviews are estimated to last between 30 minutes to an hour (Chohan, September 26, 2023). Ethics Informed Consent : Clear information about the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits will be provided to all participants before obtaining their consent. This ensures that participation is voluntary and informed. Confidentiality : Participants' identities and responses will be kept strictly confidential. Data will be stored securely to protect participant privacy. Right to Withdraw : Participants will be informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. This respects their autonomy and choice in participating in the research (Chohan, September 26, 2023).

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Bibliography Ke, J., & Ford-Jones, E. L. (2015). Food insecurity and hunger: A review of the effects on children’s health and behaviour. Paediatrics & Child Health, 20(2), 89–91. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373582/ Ahmad, N. S. S., Sulaiman, N., & Sabri, M. F. (2021). Food Insecurity: Is It a Threat to University Students’ Well-Being and Success? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5627. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8197461/ Hagedorn-Hatfield, R. L., Hood, L. B., & Hege, A. (2022). A Decade of College Student Hunger: What We Know and Where We Need to Go. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.837724/full Heifer International. (n.d.). How Does Hunger Affect Learning? Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://www.heifer.org/ Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Academic achievement. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Learning. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning Chohan, R. (September 23, 2023). Assignment No. 2 Problem Statement and Research Question. Unpublished manuscript, Bachelor of Information Technology, Centennial College. Chohan, R. (October 6, 2023). REA215 Assignment 3 – Annotated Bibliography. Unpublished manuscript, Bachelor of Information Technology, Centennial College. Chohan, R. (November 4, 2023). REA215 Research Project and Design Methods. Unpublished manuscript, Bachelor of Information Technology, Centennial College.

Chohan, R. (September 26, 2023). REA Consent Form Assignment 4. Unpublished manuscript, Bachelor of Information Technology, Centennial College. Chohan, R. (November 11, 2023). REA215 Assignment 6 – Literature Review. Unpublished manuscript, Bachelor of Information Technology, Centennial College. Appendix: Advertisement for Interview Participants - Appendix A: Participate in Valuable Research on Student Hunger at Centennial College! Are you a student at Centennial College? We need your voice! Join our study to explore how hunger affects learning and academic success. Your experiences and insights are crucial in shaping better support systems for students. What's Involved? A short interview discussing your experiences and thoughts. Strict confidentiality of all discussions. A chance to contribute to meaningful change. Interested? Contact Rizwan Chohan at 289-387-0689 for more details or to participate. Thank you for helping us make a difference!

Sample Questionnaire - Appendix B: Demographic Information: Age: Gender: Year of Study: Program of Study: Questions on Hunger and Food Insecurity: On a scale from 1 to 5, how often do you worry about not having enough food? (1 being never, 5 being always) 1. Have you ever skipped a meal because you couldn't afford food? 2. How often do you eat a balanced meal in a typical week? Questions on Academic Performance: 3. What is your current GPA? 4. Do you feel that hunger or food insecurity has affected your concentration in class? 5. Have you ever missed a class due to hunger or food-related issues? General Well-being: On a scale from 1 to 5, how would you rate your overall mental well-being? (1 being poor, 5 being excellent) 6. Do you think hunger or food insecurity has affected your mental health? Sample Interview Questions 7. Personal Experiences: 8. Can you describe a time when you felt that hunger or food insecurity affected your academic performance? 9. How do you usually cope with situations when you are unable to afford a meal?

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Impact on Education: 10. In what ways do you think hunger has impacted your learning and classroom engagement? 11. Can you share any specific experiences where you feel your academic work was directly impacted by your nutritional status? Support and Resources: 12. Are you aware of any resources or support systems at Centennial College for students facing food insecurity? 13. What kind of support do you think would be most helpful for students struggling with hunger? Feedback and Suggestions: 14. What changes would you suggest to improve the situation of food insecurity among students at Centennial College? 15. Is there anything else you would like to share about your experiences related to hunger and your education?

Appendix C: Consent Form Consent to Participate in a Research Study Project Title Understanding the Impact of Hunger on Student Learning Purpose of Study You are invited to participate in a research study that aims to investigate how hunger affects a student's ability to learn. Procedure As a participant in this study, you will be asked to:  Complete a questionnaire that includes questions about experiences with hunger and its impact on your learning.  Participate in a brief interview to provide additional insights into your personal experiences.  Allow access to your academic performance records for analysis. The study is expected to take approximately 30 minutes to one hour of your time. Risks/Discomforts and Benefits Participating in this study may involve discussing personal experiences with hunger, which could be uncomfortable. However, your participation will contribute to a better understanding of hunger-related challenges faced by students. There are no direct benefits to you as a participant, but the knowledge gained from this study may help inform future support programs. Confidentiality Your identity and all the information you provide will be strictly confidential. Only myself, Rizwan Chohan, will have access to your data. Your data will be stored securely on a password-protected hard drive and secure locker; any published results will not contain any identifying information. Incentives Participants who complete the questionnaire and interview will be eligible for a chance to win a $100 gift card for Tim Hortons as a token of appreciation for your time and contribution.

Rights as a Participant – to Refuse/Withdraw Your participation in this study is entirely voluntary. You have the right to refuse to participate or withdraw from the study at any time and your decision will not have any negative impact or consequences. You have the right to ask questions before during and after the research study. Consent of Participant By signing this form, you indicate that you have read and understood the information provided above, and you voluntarily agree to participate in this research study. Participant's Signature: Date: Printed Name: ____________________________________________________________ Contact Information If you have any questions or concerns about this study, please contact: Rizwan Chohan Email: rchohan@my.centennialcollege.ca Phone: 289-387-0689

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