Chapter 9.4, Problem 9.5P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product of the given substitution reaction has to be written and mechanism for the reaction should be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration. Rate of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product of the given substitution reaction has to be written and mechanism for the reaction should be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration. Rate of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]$