Chapter 9, Problem 9.13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, Sodium ethoxide act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously chlorine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, Tri-methyl amine act as a nucleophile and it attacks the methyl carbon of halo alkane simultaneously iodine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

In this reaction formed quaternary ammonium ion is stabilized by iodine ion so the product is an iodine salt of quaternary ammonium ion.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, sodium cyanide act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously bromine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, methanethionate act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously chlorine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

Given reactant has an equatorial chlorine hence, the product is axial.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, lithium alkyne act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously chlorine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, Ammonia act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously chlorine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

In this reaction formed ammonium ion is stabilized by chorine ion so the product is a chlorine salt of ammonium ion.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, Morpholine act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously chlorine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

In this reaction formed ammonium ion is stabilized by chorine ion so the product is a chlorine salt of ammonium ion.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both alkyl halide and the nucleophile present. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction, which results in the inversion of configuration.

  $\text{Rate}\text{= k}\left[\text{alkylhalide}\right]\text{×}\left[\text{nucleophile}\right]$

Structure of the substrate plays a major role in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate it depends on steric factor of reactant and nucleophile.

Answer to Problem 9.13P

The structural formula for the product of given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is,

Explanation of Solution

In the given ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction, sodium cyanide act as a nucleophile and it attacks the terminal carbon of halo alkane simultaneously bromine brakes the bond to give substituted product.

Given reactant is non-chiral so product also non-chiral.