The role of molecular oxygen in photosynthesis. Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process in which solar energy is used for the formation of chemical energy that is glucose from the carbon dioxide and water. This process takes place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This thylakoid membrane contains two types of photosystem units: PS I that absorb 700 nm of light and PS II that absorb 680 nm of light. Electron transport occurs from photosystem II. When the light of 680 nm strikes on photosystem II, the water molecules present near the photosystem II splits into hydrogen ion (2H+) and evolve as oxygen gas.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

Answer 1

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Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 9.4, Problem 1C

Summary Introduction

To determine: The role of molecular oxygen in photosynthesis.

Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process in which solar energy is used for the formation of chemical energy that is glucose from the carbon dioxide and water. This process takes place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This thylakoid membrane contains two types of photosystem units: PS I that absorb 700 nm of light and PS II that absorb 680 nm of light. Electron transport occurs from photosystem II. When the light of 680 nm strikes on photosystem II, the water molecules present near the photosystem II splits into hydrogen ion (2H+) and evolve as oxygen gas.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The role of molecular oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration.

Introduction: Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which energy is produced in a cell. Energy is released from the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration that is used by the cell for performing various life processes. Mitochondria are considered as the powerhouses of the cell, which synthesizes energy in the form of ATP.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0 Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present. Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…

The current nutrition labelling regulation in Hong Kong requires food manufacturer to list E+7 information on the package of pre-packaged food products. Do you think that more nutrients, such as calcium and cholesterol, shall be included?

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 9.4, Problem 1C

Summary Introduction

To determine: The role of molecular oxygen in photosynthesis.

Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process in which solar energy is used for the formation of chemical energy that is glucose from the carbon dioxide and water. This process takes place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This thylakoid membrane contains two types of photosystem units: PS I that absorb 700 nm of light and PS II that absorb 680 nm of light. Electron transport occurs from photosystem II. When the light of 680 nm strikes on photosystem II, the water molecules present near the photosystem II splits into hydrogen ion (2H+) and evolve as oxygen gas.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The role of molecular oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration.

Introduction: Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which energy is produced in a cell. Energy is released from the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration that is used by the cell for performing various life processes. Mitochondria are considered as the powerhouses of the cell, which synthesizes energy in the form of ATP.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 9.4, Problem 1C

Summary Introduction

To determine: The role of molecular oxygen in photosynthesis.

Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process in which solar energy is used for the formation of chemical energy that is glucose from the carbon dioxide and water. This process takes place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This thylakoid membrane contains two types of photosystem units: PS I that absorb 700 nm of light and PS II that absorb 680 nm of light. Electron transport occurs from photosystem II. When the light of 680 nm strikes on photosystem II, the water molecules present near the photosystem II splits into hydrogen ion (2H+) and evolve as oxygen gas.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The role of molecular oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration.

Introduction: Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which energy is produced in a cell. Energy is released from the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration that is used by the cell for performing various life processes. Mitochondria are considered as the powerhouses of the cell, which synthesizes energy in the form of ATP.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 9.4, Problem 1C

Summary Introduction