Chapter 9, Problem 9.81QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structures for ion $HS{O}_4^{-}$ should be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bonding present in covalently bonded molecules and in coordination compounds are represented using Lewis structures.

Lewis structure for any molecule is drawn by using the following steps,

First the skeletal structure for the given molecule is drawn then the total number of valence electrons for all atoms present in the molecule is determined.

The next step is to subtract the electrons present in the total number of bonds present in the skeletal structure of the molecule with the total valence electrons such that considering each bond contains two electrons with it.

Finally, the electrons which got after subtractions have to be equally distributed such that each atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell.

Resonance is an electron-delocalizing process to produce electronically equivalent structures. Double-headed arrow ($\underset{}{\leftrightarrow }$) is a descriptor for resonating structures that are transformed through curved arrows.

The delocalization of electrons within the structure can be explained with the help of resonance.

The general rules to be followed for drawing resonance structures are given below:

1. 1. The position of the atoms does not change only the pi electrons and a lone pair of electrons can change their positions.
2. 2. The total number of valence electrons in all the resonance structures remains the same.
3. 3. Octet rule must not be violated. No atom can have electrons more than 8 in its valence shell except sulfur.
4. 4. Transfer of electrons between the bonds is shown by curved arrows.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structures of the ion $S{O}_4^{2-}$ should be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bonding present in covalently bonded molecules and in coordination compounds are represented using Lewis structures.

Lewis structure for any molecule is drawn by using the following steps,

First the skeletal structure for the given molecule is drawn then the total number of valence electrons for all atoms present in the molecule is determined

The next step is to subtract the electrons present in the total number of bonds present in the skeletal structure of the molecule with the total valence electrons such that considering each bond contains two electrons with it.

Finally, the electrons which got after subtractions have to be equally distributed such that each atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell.

Resonance is an electron-delocalizing process to produce electronically equivalent structures. Double-headed arrow ($\underset{}{\leftrightarrow }$) is a descriptor for resonating structures that are transformed through curved arrows.

The delocalization of electrons within the structure can be explained with the help of resonance.

The general rules to be followed for drawing resonance structures are given below:

1. 1. The position of the atoms does not change only the pi electrons and a lone pair of electrons can change their positions.
2. 2. The total number of valence electrons in all the resonance structures remains the same.
3. 3. Octet rule must not be violated. No atom can have electrons more than 8 in its valence shell except sulfur.
4. 4. Transfer of electrons between the bonds is shown by curved arrows.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structures of the ion $HS{O}_3^{-}$ should be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bonding present in covalently bonded molecules and in coordination compounds are represented using Lewis structures.

Lewis structure for any molecule is drawn by using the following steps,

First the skeletal structure for the given molecule is drawn then the total number of valence electrons for all atoms present in the molecule is determined

The next step is to subtract the electrons present in the total number of bonds present in the skeletal structure of the molecule with the total valence electrons such that considering each bond contains two electrons with it.

Finally, the electrons which got after subtractions have to be equally distributed such that each atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell.

Resonance is an electron-delocalizing process to produce electronically equivalent structures. Double-headed arrow ($\underset{}{\leftrightarrow }$) is a descriptor for resonating structures that are transformed through curved arrows.

The delocalization of electrons within the structure can be explained with the help of resonance.

The general rules to be followed for drawing resonance structures are given below:

1. 1. The position of the atoms does not change only the pi electrons and a lone pair of electrons can change their positions.
2. 2. The total number of valence electrons in all the resonance structures remains the same.
3. 3. Octet rule must not be violated. No atom can have electrons more than 8 in its valence shell except sulfur.
4. 4. Transfer of electrons between the bonds is shown by curved arrows.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structures of the ion $S{O}_3^{2-}$ should be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bonding present in covalently bonded molecules and in coordination compounds are represented using Lewis structures.

Lewis structure for any molecule is drawn by using the following steps,

First the skeletal structure for the given molecule is drawn then the total number of valence electrons for all atoms present in the molecule is determined

The next step is to subtract the electrons present in the total number of bonds present in the skeletal structure of the molecule with the total valence electrons such that considering each bond contains two electrons with it.

Finally, the electrons which got after subtractions have to be equally distributed such that each atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell.

Resonance is an electron-delocalizing process to produce electronically equivalent structures. Double-headed arrow ($\underset{}{\leftrightarrow }$) is a descriptor for resonating structures that are transformed through curved arrows.

The delocalization of electrons within the structure can be explained with the help of resonance.

The general rules to be followed for drawing resonance structures are given below:

1. 1. The position of the atoms does not change only the pi electrons and a lone pair of electrons can change their positions.
2. 2. The total number of valence electrons in all the resonance structures remains the same.
3. 3. Octet rule must not be violated. No atom can have electrons more than 8 in its valence shell except sulfur.
4. 4. Transfer of electrons between the bonds is shown by curved arrows.